Phosphorus — a Circular Journey from the Ground to the Recycling Line

Wingate, Ewan; Prasad, Ranjit; Liu, Yanjun

doi:10.1007/s42461-023-00839-6

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In the case of lithium iron phosphate batteries, the environmental burden of land occupation/modernization in the extraction and processing of materials is mainly from the production of phosphoric acid [84], the treatment of non-sulfide waste, and coniferous forestry (pine) (average 315.89 m 2 a), followed by the treatment of non-sulfide waste, broadleaf forestry (birch), and road construction [85], as well as broadleaf forestry (beech) (average 130.65 m 2 a). Lower environmental burdens include processes related to land development for coniferous forests (mixed species, boreal forests), phosphate rock enrichment [83], coal mining and hard coal processing, processing of non-sulfide overburden, lithium brine processes, and railway track construction (average 67.58 m 2 a).…”

Section: Analysis Of Environmental Loads Regarding Land Occupation (D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The possibility of reducing environmental burdens related to the need to build roads was analyzed, e.g., using nickel slag as a raw material in cement production [81] Possibility of using graphite waste to produce concrete and cement [85] Possibility of using graphite waste for cement production [86] Phosphate rock (wet)…”

Section: Electricity Production Hard Coalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Siwiec,

Frącz,

Pacana

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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The development of batteries used in electric vehicles towards sustainable development poses challenges to designers and manufacturers. Although there has been research on the analysis of the environmental impact of batteries during their life cycle (LCA), there is still a lack of comparative analyses focusing on the first phase, i.e., the extraction and processing of materials. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to perform a detailed comparative analysis of popular electric vehicle batteries. The research method was based on the analysis of environmental burdens regarding the ecological footprint of the extraction and processing of materials in the life cycle of batteries for electric vehicles. Popular batteries were analyzed: lithium-ion (Li-Ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and three-component lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM). The ecological footprint criteria were carbon dioxide emissions, land use (including modernization and land development) and nuclear energy emissions. This research was based on data from the GREET model and data from the Ecoinvent database in the OpenLCA programme. The results of the analysis showed that considering the environmental loads for the ecological footprint, the most advantageous from the environmental point of view in the extraction and processing of materials turned out to be a lithium iron phosphate battery. At the same time, key environmental loads occurring in the first phase of the LCA of these batteries were identified, e.g., the production of electricity using hard coal, the production of quicklime, the enrichment of phosphate rocks (wet), the production of phosphoric acid, and the uranium mine operation process. To reduce these environmental burdens, improvement actions are proposed, resulting from a synthesized review of the literature. The results of the analysis may be useful in the design stages of new batteries for electric vehicles and may constitute the basis for undertaking pro-environmental improvement actions toward the sustainable development of batteries already present on the market.

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Section: Analysis Of Environmental Loads Regarding Land Occupation (D...mentioning

confidence: 99%