A CHROMATOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF THE CAROTENOID PIGMENTS OF THE AVOCADO<sup>1</sup>

Lassen, S.; Bacon, Karleigh; Sutherland, James M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1944.tb16712.x

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The fluorometric method of Peterson, Brady, and Shaw (73) was also used for riboflavin and in some cases the microbiological assay with L. rnesenteroides 10.100 (kindly provided by \-. H. Cheldelin, Oregon State College, Corvallis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit Nutrient Content, B Vitamin Content of California-Grown Avocados

Hall¹,

Moore²,

Morgan³

1955

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Little information is available on either the proximate analysis or vitamin content of the different varieties of avocado. Changes in the concentration of these nutrients with crop year, season, and period of refrigeration or ripening after refrigeration are also largely unknown. This study included such comparisons for seven B vitamins as well as the usual proximate analyses in samples from four crop years of Fuerte, two of Anaheim, and one of Hass avocados. HE AVOCADOS grown in California

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit Nutrient Content, B Vitamin Content of California-Grown Avocados

Hall¹,

Moore²,

Morgan³

1955

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…The carotenoid distribution in fruit follows a pattern similar to that in flowers, in that it tends to be distinctive; occasionally, for example in the avocado pear (Lassen, Bacon & Sutherland, 1944), a distribution almost identical with that in leaves is encountered. There are, however, important qualitative differences between fruit and flower and leaf carotenoids, especially in the xanthophyll fraction, the most pronounced being that in fruit ( a ) lutein is by no means ubiquitous, (b) the xanthophylls are generally esterified and (c) specific xanthophylls are much more frequently keto-and hydroxy-carotenoids than epoxides.…”

Section: €Imentioning

confidence: 76%

Carotenoids and Reproduction

Goodwin

1950

Biological Reviews

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Summary .After a brief discussion of the essential chemical properties of carotenoids, the identification, occurrence and distribution of the pigments in the gonads and related organs of plants and animals have been reviewed. The information available concerning the metabolism of carotenoids in reproductive tissues and their possible function in reproduction has also been reviewed systematically. In the higher plants, as maturation proceeds the carotenoid content of the tissues decreases, owing probably to the redirection of carotenoid synthesis into the reproductive organs. Further, the synthetic mechanism itself must be altered in some way because new carotenoids, never encountered in leaves, are produced in the reproductive organs. There is no evidence that carotenoids are involved in fertilization. In fact, many pollens contain no carotenoids. Differential distribution of carotenoids in male and female gametes is encountered in some species of both algae and fungi, but whereas nothing is known about carotenoid metabolism and function in relation to reproduction in fungi, it is claimed that appropriate mixtures of stable and labile crocetin dimethyl esters stimulate both male and female gametogenesis in the alga Chlamydomonas. In aquatic animals carotenoids are actively mobilized into the gonads during sexual reproductive activity, and in some cases are rendered water‐soluble by attachment to proteins. Carotenoids do not appear to be necessary for normal embryonic development, but one report indicates their possible importance as fertilization hormones. Carotenoids may be present in the gonads to ensure that the larvae are adequately equipped for chromatophore responses. Changes in general coloration associated with sexual activity are also often mediated through carotenoids; in the case of the fish Cyclopterus lumpus, for example, astaxanthin appears in the skin in large amounts during the summer spawning period. Similar changes can be observed in some insects, for instance, the bright yellow colour of sexually mature locusts is due to accumulation of β‐carotene in the cuticle. In mammals which store carotenoids, these pigments undergo metabolic changes associated with parturition, but as not all mammals store carotenoids, and since many similar changes occur with vitamin A, it is doubtful whether the carotenoids are of significance per se. Although carotenoids appear to be unnecessary for the normal development of birds in both the pre‐ and post‐embryonic stages, they are actively mobilized into birds' eggs. They may, however, be necessary for optimum conditions of fertilization by increasing the sperm competitive ability of cocks, i.e. when hens are inseminated with an equal mixture of spermatozoa from cocks on an adequate diet and those on a lutein‐deficient diet, a larger proportion of offspring are produced from the normal group than from the lutein‐deficient group.

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