A checklist of Indonesian scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha)

Abstract

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Coccomorpha) are a very important insect group containing numerous pests of woody and herbaceous plants worldwide. The only complete study of any scale insects in Indonesia was by D.J. Williams on the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae sensu lato), published in 2004; the other scale insect families have only been documented in various small publications. Here we provide a complete checklist of the scale insects of Indonesia, which now contains 364 species belonging to 136 genera in 16 families. The family Diaspididae is the most diverse, with 158 species belonging to 44 genera, followed by Pseudococcidae with 105 species belonging to 32 genera, and Coccidae with 65 species belonging to 22 genera. The other families are, in order of size: Monophlebidae (26 species belonging to 9 genera), Rhizoecidae (12 species belonging to 4 genera), Asterolecaniidae (11 species belonging to 5 genera), Leconodiaspidae (7 species belonging to 3 genera), Cerococcidae (5 species belonging to 3 genera), Xenococcidae (5 species belonging to 2 genera), Ortheziidae (4 species belonging to 3 genera), Eriococcidae (4 species belonging to 2 genera), Aclerdidae (2 species belonging to 1 genus), and Kermesidae (1 species belonging to 1 genus).

Mealybugs complex of citrus in Bengkulu Province

“…Indeed, Indonesia is not a producer of citrus. Some studies explored more broadly and found some new record species for Indonesian scale insect faunas [3,19,20].…”

“…The insect can develop in a short time that it quickly reaches a high population [3][4][5]. This has the potential to cause considerable losses to the plant because it will lose strength, chlorosis, deformity (malformation) of twigs and branches die [5][6][7][8].…”

“…The low production of citrus is partly due to the attack of plant pests, one of which is the mealybug. There are 76 species of mealybugs reported to attack citrus plants in the world, 27 species of which were found to attack citrus plants in Indonesia [2,3]. Many mealybugs species are polyphagous causes different populations and intensity of attacks on each different type of host, therefore such information are absolutely necessary.…”

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect, Ericerus pela Chavannes (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with Novel Gene Arrangement and Truncated tRNA Genes

“…However, for the group of hemipteran insects containing more than 83,000 species, just hundreds of complete mitochondrial genomes have been reported [ 13 ]. As of May 2022, only ten nuclear genomes (eight were preliminary assemblies without annotations) and nine complete mitochondrial genomes (only three have complete gene annotations) of Coccoidea have been released on the NCBI [ 1 , 2 , 14 ]. Furthermore, for the Coccidae group (soft-scale insects), the complete mitochondrial genomes published on PubMed exist only for Ceroplastes japonicus [ 15 ] and Saissetia coffeae [ 16 ].…”

Fatty acyl-CoA reductase influences wax biosynthesis in the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley

“…M ealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) are globally distributed, highly aggressive pests of many commercial, non-commercial, and ornamental plants [1][2][3] . They are a diverse group of sap-sucking insects, with at least 32 genera and around 105 species 4 . Mealybugs can attack over 300 plant species, with host records extending to 76 families and over 300 genera [5][6][7] .…”