A catch forecast model for the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) based on estimators of spawning stock and settlement rate

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe Peruvian Bay scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) fishery in Independencia bay (Southern Peru) is being subjected to great inter-annual variability in catch and effort. This is mainly due to the ENSO (El Niño-Southern oscillation)-caused changes in the population dynamics of the stock, which greatly proliferated during the El Niño events 1983 and 1998. As a consequence "gold rush" conditions arose and resource users profited from a multi-million dollar export business. After the El Niño booms, the system normalized and catches dropped to normal levels. This boom and bust situation has made a rational management of the resource difficult, and annual catches are considered unpredictable, just like the stochastic environment. This paper attempts to provide a catch forecast model to enable the scallop fishery to better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the scallop stock.The model proposes that annual catches are mainly the result of the recruitment success of the incoming new cohort, which is a function of adult spawning stock size and the number of settlers to the sea bottom. The latter is considered a function of the larval mortality rate and the temperature-dependent development time to the settlement stage, while the former is proportional to the catches taken over the spawning period (November-April). Using monthly catch and temperature data for the period 1983-2005, we constructed a regression model to predict the catch for the year after the recruitment period (July-June) as a function of (a) the catch during the spawning period (as a proxy for spawning stock biomass) and (b) the settlement factor that was derived from the mean water temperature over the spawning period, an assumed instantaneous larval mortality rate, and the relationship between temperature and larval period to settlement. The resulting multiple regression (R 2 = 0.930) proves that both factors can explain a large part of the inherent variability of the data. The model reveals that annual catches greatly depend on the spawning stock size when temperatures are low, while this factor decreases in importance with increasing temperatures, at which the settlement factor is much more influential instead. These findings are relevant for the stock management: at low temperatures, the maintenance of a large enough spawning stock over the spawning period (November-April) is decisive for the yield of the post-recruitment fishing period thereafter, while at increasing spawning temperatures, spawning stock size is of decreasing importance for determining the yield.

Changes in trophic flow structure of Independence Bay (Peru) over an ENSO cycle

“…Based on the model, recruitment and production increases of scallops account for this result, as scallops consume 58% of phytoplankton production during EN. Wolff et al (2007) found that the increase in scallops was likely a non-trophic effect resulting from increased larval survival in warmer temperatures. This recruitment success combined with increased oxygen concentrations is likely the main cause of the increase in fisheries yield.…”

Trophic and environmental drivers of the Sechura Bay Ecosystem (Peru) over an ENSO cycle

“…When SS and SF were applied together, as done by Wolff et al (2007) for Independence Bay, the regression was not significant (R 2 = 0.362; P = 0.509). The addition of the independent variable RD increased the fit dramatically (R 2 = 0.959; P = 0.060); however, a significant regression was achieved only from the combination of the independent variables SS and RD (without SF) (R 2 = 0.916; P = 0.024*).…”

“…These events improve benthic oxygen concentrations through a lowering of the thermocline and also increased metabolic activity (respiration, somatic growth) in response to the increased temperature. New findings suggest that reduced mortality in the larval stage, due to faster development to settlement times, may be mainly responsible for population booms during EN periods (Wolff et al 2007). Our exploration of the environmental influences on the scallop stock in Sechura Bay suggests a greater importance of riverine inputs to the bay.…”

“…These drivers are well cited in the literature as having significant environmental influences on their dynamics. Populations of the scallop A. purpuratus in Independence Bay have been shown to fluctuate more in response to temperature-mediated larval development time and subsequent mortality changes rather than from purely trophic changes (Wolff et al 2007;Taylor et al 2007d). Penaeid shrimp dynamics in the region have been correlated to shifts in carrying capacity as a result of variable SST and river discharge (Mendo and Tam 1993).…”

“…Using the methods employed by Wolff et al (2007) for the scallop stocks in Independence Bay, Peru (16°S), the model attempts to forecast scallop catch as a function of the environmental conditions during the previous spawning period. Specifically, the dependent variable was defined as the scallop 'catch' (kg), versus the independent variables 'spawning stock' (kg) and the temperature-dependent 'settlement factor' (arbitrary units) for scallop recruitment.…”