The population composition of teachers, pupils, and their families gives rise to a change of name from 'an age of secularization' to 'an age of pluralization.' In earlier days, parents' (religious or secular) worldview and school educational philosophy were attuned to one another and merged into a single, mono-cultural perspective on pupils' identity development. The basis of parents' upbringing and socialization in the family, and teachers' efforts to introduce culture at school, were similar life orientations. Parents' school choice was predetermined by their commitment to a particular (religious) worldview. Children's identities developed in a clear-cut context.Today, however, plurality dominates both at home and at school, for both parents and teachers. Parents with different cultural and religious backgrounds may get a good feeling upon entering a schoolyard or school building if they see a community of like-minded believers, and this contributes to the process of school choice. Children's identities develop in a plural context. Our question is, "What does this mean for the (religious) identity development of young children age 9-10?" And, related to that, "What does this mean for teachers' competencies regarding religious education (RE)/Interreligious Education (IRE)?"To answer these questions, we use the Dialogical Self Theory (DST) and its core concepts of 'voice' and 'positioning.' After presenting the Dutch, dual education system (with public and denominational schools) we describe, in I. ter Avest (B)