A Case Study on the Effect of Storage of Advanced Treated Water in a Building’s Plumbing System on Trihalomethane Levels

Kakutani, Naoya; Yamamoto, Atsushi; Mori, Yoshiaki

doi:10.1007/s00128-007-9307-3

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The summer season produced the greatest variations in concentration among the parameters (e.g., summer cold water age was over 200 h). This is supported with other studies showing warmer climates increased microbial growth (Zlatanović et al, 2017), TTHM formation (Yamamoto et al, 2007), metal leaching (NRC, 2006), and the loss of disinfectant residual (Nguyen et al, 2012). The current study focuses on cases that can generate useful predictions regarding the impact of operational and design changes on water age, and therefore drinking water quality.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Constants used for plumbing modeling should be an area of future research. It is known that higher temperatures from seasonal changes result in increase in microbial concentrations, TTHM formation (Yamamoto et al, 2007), and a greater chlorine reaction rate (Courtis et al, 2009). Also, higher pH is known to increase TTHM formation (Liang & Singer, 2003) and decreases effectiveness of chlorine disinfection (Ward et al, 1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling

Palmegiani¹,

Whelton

Mitchell

et al. 2022

AWWA Water Science

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Significant seasonal changes in chemical and microbiological water quality can occur in buildings at different fixture locations due to temperature and time dependent reaction rates. Here, a series of calibrated plumbing hydraulic‐water quality models were developed for the extensively monitored Retrofitted Net‐zero Energy, Water & Waste (ReNEWW) house in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. The eight new models predict the absolute level of free chlorine, total trihalomethanes, copper, iron, lead, NO3− (nitrate‐nitrogen), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and Legionella spp. concentration at each fixture for plumbing use, operational characteristics, and design layouts of the plumbing system. Model development revealed that the carrying capacity to describe Legionella spp. growth (and other organisms) under water usage and plumbing design conditions is lacking in the literature. Reducing simulated building water use by 25% prompted increased absolute concentrations of HPC and Legionella spp., each increasing by a factor of about 105. When the simulated service line length was increased, Legionella spp. concentrations increased by up to 106 gene copies /L in the Summer season. The proposed modeling framework can be used to support better planning, design, analysis, and operational decision‐making.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling

Palmegiani¹,

Whelton

Mitchell

et al. 2022

AWWA Water Science

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show abstract

“…49−51 THM formation occurs in pipes, but substantial formation appears to be associated with free chlorine systems. 4,52,53 Another study reported higher levels of THMs in buildings up to 89% higher than the levels found at the service line. 52 However, in the chloramine system considered here, the effects of residence in the building plumbing system appear to be relatively modest and somewhat beneficial (as HAAs are degraded).…”

Section: Influence Of Building Plumbing Design and Operational Parame...mentioning

confidence: 97%

Disability-Adjusted Life Year Frameworks for Comparing Health Impacts Associated with Mycobacterium avium, Trihalomethanes, and Haloacetic Acids in a Building Plumbing System

Tolofari

Bartrand²,

Haas

et al. 2022

ACS EST Water

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To address trade-offs, prioritize, and manage the risks between microbial and chemical risks, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) approach was utilized. The sampling data from cold and hot water building plumbing in Philadelphia, PA, revealed three classes of health stressors, nontuberculous mycobacteria, total trihalomethanes (THMs), and total haloacetic acids (HAAs). The concentration data specific to the water system were then used to estimate the annual risk due to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), THMs, and HAAs. The results from this study suggest that efforts to reduce the potential health risks from disinfection byproducts should still be given due consideration as the annual DALY of bladder cancer (7.61*10–7) was estimated to be greater than the annual DALY of MAC pulmonary disease (4.74*10–12) by 5 orders of magnitude. The DALYs of both THMs (2.62*10–6) and HAAs (2.60*10–6) in buildings via the ingestion exposure route were higher than the reported threshold of 1 μDALY. Relative to the feed water, water quality changes in the building plumbing substantially increased the DALY impacts for microbial risks but modestly decreased the DALY impacts for chemical risks. While the results are specific to the system considered (e.g., chloramine disinfectant, no detectable Legionella), the study presents a framework for prioritizing among building plumbing microbial and chemical risks.

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“…For the determination of residual chlorine (CLres), the DPD (N, N-diethyl-p-phenyl phenylene diamine) colorimetric method for low concentrations (0.0 to 2.0 mg/L) was used [23] [27].…”

Section: Water Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Cleaning Time in Household Reservoirs on Trihalomethane Formation in Treated Water

Andreola¹,

Reche²,

Tono³

et al. 2019

JWARP

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Chlorination is an efficient and low-cost technique in disinfecting water for public water supply. However, during the process, the formation of undesirable by-products called halogen compounds, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), occurs. Some of these compounds are proven to be carcinogenic to laboratory animals. The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence of THMs in household reservoirs and the influence of cleaning time of these reservoirs on the formation of THMs. A total of 103 households were investigated in the city of Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil. The residences were classified according to the cleaning time of the reservoir into: up to one year, one to two years and more than two years. Samples were taken from the reservoirs and total trihalomethanes (THMt) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-MS), total organic carbon (TOC) by means of a Hach kit for low concentrations and free residual chlorine (CLres) by means of a kit for in loco determination. According to the results, the highest concentrations of THMt were observed in the reservoirs with cleaning time of more than 2 years. However, no amount has exceeded the maximum limit allowed by law. In general, the longer the time for cleaning the reservoir, the greater the degradation of water quality in THMt.

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A Case Study on the Effect of Storage of Advanced Treated Water in a Building’s Plumbing System on Trihalomethane Levels

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling

New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling

Disability-Adjusted Life Year Frameworks for Comparing Health Impacts Associated with Mycobacterium avium, Trihalomethanes, and Haloacetic Acids in a Building Plumbing System

Influence of Cleaning Time in Household Reservoirs on Trihalomethane Formation in Treated Water

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