A Case Study of 3D Printed PLA and Its Mechanical Properties

Raj, S. Aravind; Muthukumaran, E.; Kandasamy, Jayakrishna

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2018.01.146

Cited by 81 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The mechanical properties for PLA that is printed with FPF are comparable to what has been reported in standard FFF type printers where the tensile strength was found to be 47.55–50.23 MPa [66]. The average strain at the break (mm/mm) was 0.02 with a standard deviation of 0.01 for Type 1 and 0.02 with a standard deviation of 0.01 for Type 4.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials’ Optimization and Mechanical Properties

et al. 2018

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Fused particle fabrication (FPF) (or fused granular fabrication (FGF)) has potential for increasing recycled polymers in 3-D printing. Here, the open source Gigabot X is used to develop a new method to optimize FPF/FGF for recycled materials. Virgin polylactic acid (PLA) pellets and prints were analyzed and were then compared to four recycled polymers including the two most popular printing materials (PLA and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) as well as the two most common waste plastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP)). The size characteristics of the various materials were quantified using digital image processing. Then, power and nozzle velocity matrices were used to optimize the print speed, and a print test was used to maximize the output for a two-temperature stage extruder for a given polymer feedstock. ASTM type 4 tensile tests were used to determine the mechanical properties of each plastic when they were printed with a particle drive extruder system and were compared with filament printing. The results showed that the Gigabot X can print materials 6.5× to 13× faster than conventional printers depending on the material, with no significant reduction in the mechanical properties. It was concluded that the Gigabot X and similar FPF/FGF printers can utilize a wide range of recycled polymer materials with minimal post processing.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials’ Optimization and Mechanical Properties

et al. 2018

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“…The chart of Figure B summarises the static strength for different values of raster angle θ R , with these experimental results being taken from the technical literature . According to this diagram, by making the key manufacturing parameters vary in their ranges of interest, the resulting material ultimate tensile strength is seen to span between 30 and 90 MPa, with these values being similar to those characterising PLA made via traditional methods such as, for instance, injection moulding .…”

Section: Static Strength Of 3d‐printed Plamentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A, Tensile strength experimentally determined by testing specimens manufactured with raster angle, θ R , varying in the range 0° to 90° and shell thickness, t s , in the range 0 to 0.8 mm 4 ; B, ultimate tensile strength for different values of raster angle, θ R , experimentally determined by testing under tensile loading specimens of additively manufactured (AM) polylactide (PLA)…”

Section: Static Strength Of 3d‐printed Plamentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference strength values to design against static and fatigue loading polylactide additively manufactured with in‐fill level equal to 100%

Ezeh

Susmel

2019

Mat Design & Process Comms

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The aim of this paper is to provide a quantitative examination of the state-of-theart knowledge of the static and fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured (AM) polylactide (PLA). To this end, existing literature was reviewed, and a number of data sets were extracted and re-analysed in terms of static strength and standard S-N curves. As long as objects are 3D-printed flat on the build plate, printing direction appears to have little effect on the mechanical behaviour of AM PLA, therefore stress/strain analysis can be performed effectively by simply treating this polymer as a linear-elastic, homogenous, and isotropic material. If static strength cannot be determined experimentally, a conservative reference value of 22 MPa is suggested as being used in situations of practical interest. As far as fatigue is concerned, findings from post-processing reveal that non-zero mean stresses can be modelled by simply using the maximum stress in the cycle. According to the statistical re-analysis discussed in the paper, a reference fatigue curve for the design of AM PLA subjected to uniaxial cyclic loading (for a probability of survival larger than 90%) can be defined by taking the negative inverse slope equal to 5.5 and the endurance limit (at 2·10 6 cycles to failure) equal to 10% of the material ultimate tensile strength.KEYWORDS additive manufacturing, polylactide (PLA), static assessment, fatigue assessment 1 | INTRODUCTION Additive manufacturing (AM) can be described as a collection of technologies that build three-dimensional (3D) objects by systematically adding layer-upon-layer of material. Once a virtual model is produced using a 3D-modelling software, the AM machine reads the data from the file and lays down successive layers of materials to create the 3D solid. This technology facilitates the ease and rapid production of objects with complex geometries that would be more difficult and labour consuming for traditional subtractive manufacturing processes. Industry 4.0 is anticipated to be Nomenclature: k, negative inverse slope; N f , number of cycles to failure; N Ref , reference number of cycles to failure (N Ref = 2·10 6 cycles to failure); P S , probability of survival; R, stress ratio (R = σ min /σ max ); SD, standard deviation; T σ , scatter ratio of the endurance limit, σ max , for 90% and 10% probabilities of survival; θ R , raster angle; σ max , maximum stress in the fatigue cycle; σ MAX,99% , endurance limit at N Ref cycles to failure in terms of σ max ; σ min , minimum stress in the fatigue cycle; σ UTS , ultimate tensile strength

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“…The engineering applications include modeling and forming of complicated or replacement parts. The quality of 3D-printed products depends mainly on materials [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] and printing conditions [ 8 , 9 ]. The bulk materials used for 3D printing are thermoplastics, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) , and polylactic acid (PLA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Novel PLA and ABS filaments are the most commonly used FDM materials. In addition, they have been used as core materials [ 5 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and also composites [ 13 ]. Their good properties for FDM are low melting temperature, good flow, and rather good mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proper Blends of Biodegradable Polycaprolactone and Natural Rubber for 3D Printing

et al. 2020

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Flexible thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) were prepared for fused deposition modeling (FDM) or 3D printing. These materials can be used for medical purposes such as disposable soft splints and other flexible devices. Blends of 50% epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-50) and block rubber (Standard Thai Rubber 5L (STR5L)) with polycaprolactone (PCL) were produced and compared. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of natural rubber (NR) and PCL in simple blends with PCL contents of 40%, 50%, and 60% by weight (except at 75% for morphology study) in the base mixture (NR/PCL). The significant flow factors for FDM materials, such as melting temperature (Tm) and melt flow rate (MFR), were observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and via the melt flow index (MFI). In addition, the following mechanical properties were also determined: tensile strength, compression set, and hardness. The results from DSC showed that the melting temperature changed slightly (1–2 °C) with amount of PCL used, and there was a suspicious point in the 50/50 blends with both types of rubber. The lowest melting enthalpy of both blends was found at the 50/50 blended composition. The MFI results showed that PCL significantly affected the melt flow rate of both blends. The ENR-50/PCL blend flowed better than the STR5L/PCL blend. The conclusion was that this was due to the morphology of its phase structure having better uniformity than that of the STR5L/PCL blend. In compression set testing or measuring shape recovery, rubber directly influenced the recovery in all blends. The ENR-50/PCL blend had less recovery than the STR5L/PCL blend, probably due to the functional effects of epoxide groups and polarity mismatch. The hard phase PCL significantly affected the hardness of samples but improved shape recovery of the material. The ENR-50/PCL blend had better tensile properties than the STR5L/PCL blend. The elongation at break of both blends improved with a high rubber content. Hence, the ENR-50/PCL blend was superior to STR5L/PCL for printing purposes due to its better miscibility, uniformity, and flow, which are the keys to success for optimizing the fused deposition modeling conditions as well as the overall mechanical properties of products. Most blends in this study were only slightly different, but the 50/50 blend of ENR-50/PCL seemed to be near optimal for 3D printing.

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A Case Study of 3D Printed PLA and Its Mechanical Properties

Cited by 81 publications

References 6 publications

Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials’ Optimization and Mechanical Properties

Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials’ Optimization and Mechanical Properties

Reference strength values to design against static and fatigue loading polylactide additively manufactured with in‐fill level equal to 100%

Proper Blends of Biodegradable Polycaprolactone and Natural Rubber for 3D Printing

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