A case report of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in North Florida

Anjum, Saad; Mangrola, Karna; Fitzpatrick, Garrett; Stockdale, Kimberly; Matthias, Laura; Ali, Ibne Karim M.; Cope, Jennifer R.; O’Laughlin, Kevin; Collins, Shelley; Beal, Stacy G.; Saccoccio, Frances M.

doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01208

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The history of exposure to water considers significant in the diagnosis of PAM. The case in this study had clinical symptoms identical to previously recorded cases ( 2 , 16 – 18 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Genetic Detection of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Causing by Naegleria Fowleri in Iraq: A Case Report

Baqer,

Mohammed,

A.AL-Aboody

et al. 2023

IJPA

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We diagnosed a case report of amoebic meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri. This case represented the first recording in Iraq where it was not recording previously. This case was diagnosed after the death of an 18-year-old girl patient who lived in a rural area of Mosul in Iraq. Genetics detection of N. fowleri showed PCR product was 183bp for 18S rRNA gene. It was registered as the first recording of Iraqi isolate N. fowleri in GenBank with accession number OP380864.1. It is necessary to examine microscopically the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) to observe the amoeba stages and exclude the bacterial causative. Rapid diagnosis may help in the treatment of amoebic meningoencephalitis. In addition, genetic identification can diagnose amoeba. Avoiding swimming or using freshwater contributes to prevent amoebic meningoencephalitis infection.

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“…The history of exposure to water considers significant in the diagnosis of PAM. The case in this study had clinical symptoms identical to previously recorded cases ( 2 , 16 – 18 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Genetic Detection of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Causing by Naegleria Fowleri in Iraq: A Case Report

Baqer,

Mohammed,

A.AL-Aboody

et al. 2023

IJPA

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“…Therefore, this study presented a total of 22 cases of N. fowleri infection for discussion. Of all the studies included, seven were from the USA: [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Four studies were from India: [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, the majority of the symptom onset occurred in less than 14 days, with some studies reporting it to be as early as 2 days [ 42 ] or 3 days [ 28 , 34 ] following exposure. The most common symptom reported was fever (n = 19, 86.4%), followed by headache (n = 16, 72.7%) and vomiting (n = 14, 63.6%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Decade Update

Zamzuri

Majid

Mihat

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Introduction: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but lethal infection of the brain caused by a eukaryote called Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri). The aim of this review is to consolidate the recently published case reports of N. fowleri infection by describing its epidemiology and clinical features with the goal of ultimately disseminating this information to healthcare personnel. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and OVID databases until 31 December 2022 by two independent reviewers. All studies from the year 2013 were extracted, and quality assessments were carried out meticulously prior to their inclusion in the final analysis. Results: A total of 21 studies were selected for qualitative analyses out of the 461 studies extracted. The cases were distributed globally, and 72.7% of the cases succumbed to mortality. The youngest case was an 11-day-old boy, while the eldest was a 75-year-old. Significant exposure to freshwater either from recreational activities or from a habit of irrigating the nostrils preceded onset. The symptoms at early presentation included fever, headache, and vomiting, while late sequalae showed neurological manifestation. An accurate diagnosis remains a challenge, as the symptoms mimic bacterial meningitis. Confirmatory tests include the direct visualisation of the amoeba or the use of the polymerase chain reaction method. Conclusions: N. fowleri infection is rare but leads to PAM. Its occurrence is worldwide with a significant risk of fatality. The suggested probable case definition based on the findings is the acute onset of fever, headache, and vomiting with meningeal symptoms following exposure to freshwater within the previous 14 days. Continuous health promotion and health education activities for the public can help to improve knowledge and awareness prior to engagement in freshwater activities.

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“…Moreover, the case of a 15-year-old young man in Nilphamari, Bangladesh, was diagnosed with PAM due to a genotype 4 strain [ 31 ]. Lastly, a 13-years-old young man in Florida, USA, was diagnosed with PAM, and the strain belonged to genotype 1 [ 34 ]. On the other hand, in years before those presented in Table 1 , there was a case from Mexico of a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with PAM who had a history of swimming in an irrigation canal; the presence of N. fowleri in the cerebrospinal fluid was identified, and later the strain with genotype 2 characteristics was observed [ 14 , 32 ].…”

Section: Naegleria Fowlerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae

et al. 2022

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoa widely distributed in the environment, found in a great diversity of terrestrial biomes. Some genera of FLA are linked to human infections. The genus Acanthamoeba is currently classified into 23 genotypes (T1-T23), and of these some (T1, T2, T4, T5, T10, T12, and T18) are known to be capable of causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) mainly in immunocompromised patients while other genotypes (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T10, T11, T12, and T15) cause Acanthamoeba keratitis mainly in otherwise healthy patients. Meanwhile, Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of an acute infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), while Balamuthia mandrillaris, like some Acanthamoeba genotypes, causes GAE, differing from the latter in the description of numerous cases in patients immunocompetent. Finally, other FLA related to the pathologies mentioned above have been reported; Sappinia sp. is responsible for one case of amoebic encephalitis; Vermamoeba vermiformis has been found in cases of ocular damage, and its extraordinary capacity as endocytobiont for microorganisms of public health importance such as Legionella pneumophila, Bacillus anthracis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, among others. This review addressed issues related to epidemiology, updating their geographic distribution and cases reported in recent years for pathogenic FLA.

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A case report of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in North Florida

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Genetic Detection of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Causing by Naegleria Fowleri in Iraq: A Case Report

Genetic Detection of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Causing by Naegleria Fowleri in Iraq: A Case Report

Systematic Review of Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Decade Update

Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae

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