A case report of acute respiratory distress syndrome complicating typhoid fever

Case Report: Typhoid Fever Complicated by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Pediatric Traveler

“…18 Acute respiratory distress syndrome has not been noted as part of the spectrum of severe TF in literature reviews on extraintestinal complications of TF and has hitherto only been described in isolated case reports. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The diagnosis of ARDS is resource-intensive, suggesting that the occurrence of ARDS in TF in low-income countries has been under-recognized and under-reported. 4 Among wealthy countries, the diagnosis of ARDS may also be challenging.…”

“…Likewise, two of four adult naïve cases observed onset of ARDS within <48 hours of therapy (Table 2). 9,10 The lack of immune tolerance in naïve hosts in a nonendemic country such as the United States may have allowed a larger and faster inflammatory response after the initiation of effective antibiotic treatment, explaining the relatively more rapid onset of ARDS. Similar observations of ARDS occurring after treatment initiation were recognized in another intracellular parasite, Babesia sp.…”

“…In total, we identified 13 previous cases (two children and 11 adults) of TF-related ARDS in the English and non-English literature between 1990 and 2016 (Table 1). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]…”