“…Some of the most common, modifiable, and relatively strong risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes are lack of periconceptional folic acid supplementation, lack of early prenatal care, smoking, and alcohol use (Banakar et al, 2009;Ip et al, 2010;Salmasi et al, 2010;Vintzileos et al, 2002;Werler et al, 1999). Despite medical recommendations and educational programs, a substantial proportion of pregnant women engage in each of these behaviors (Bailey and Sokol, 2008; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1992; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2009;Vintzileos et al, 2002).…”