“…For group-living animals, an individual RHP may be partially reflected in his place in a rank order based on dyadic dominance relationships (Noë, 1989). Indeed, several studies have shown that ordinal ranks (de Vries, 1998;de Vries & Appleby, 2000) and cardinal ranks (Boyd & Silk, 1983;Adams, 2005;Romero & Castellanos, 2010) correlate with some RHP components, such as body mass, body size, or age (e.g., Dittus, 1977;Packer, 1979;Jones, 1980;Clutton-Brock et al, 1982;Zucker & Clarke, 1998;Alberts et al, 2003;Setchell et al, 2006;Bissonnette et al, 2009b), but this is far from universal. For example, Fedigan (1992) reported that in wild capuchin monkeys, small, young and even incapacitated males have occupied alpha male positions, suggesting that social variables, instead of physical attributes of age and size, determine the dominance rankings of the males.…”