A Cardiac Protection of Germinated Brown Rice During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery and Simulated Myocardial Ischemia

Abstract

The potential cardio-protective property of germinated brown rice (GBR) has been revealed by ameliorating risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases. This study hypothesized that the combination of GBR and cardioplegic solution could protect the cardiomyocytes exposed to simulated ischemic reperfusion injury in vitro study and preserve cardiac function during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in animal models. Methods: Primary porcine cardiomyocytes were isolated and experimented cell viability against simulated ischemic reperfusion injury. In a cardiac surgical animal model, six pigs were randomly assigned to receive the two types of cardioplegic solution: i) St. Thomas cardioplegic solution (20 cc/kg); and ii) St. Thomas cardioplegic solution plus GBR (1 mg/ kg). During open-heart surgery, the aorta was cross-clamped for 20 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 1 hour. Cardiopulmonary bypass parameters were recorded until the end of the procedure. Furthermore, hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gas characteristics of animals among groups were monitored at different time points, including baseline before cardiopulmonary bypass (T1), during cardiopulmonary bypass (T2), during aortic clamp on (T3), and aortic clamp off (T4). Results: Primarily, GBR cotreatment with cardioplegic solution essentially resulted in the improvement of cell viability in primary porcine cardiomyocytes against simulated ischemic reperfusion induction. The findings from cardiac surgery demonstrated that mean arterial pressure and heart rate are constantly stable in cardioplegic solution combined with the GBR group, while the trend of potassium and lactase concentration was decreased in the animals receiving GBR group. Consistently, all parameters from arterial blood gas showed better outcomes in animals receiving GBR; however, there were no statistically significant differences between groups, except hepatic enzymes. Conclusion: Therefore, GBR might exert cardio-protective effects against ischemic reperfusion injury in the porcine cardiac surgery model due to anti-inflammatory response. These protective actions of GBR may explain the benefits gained from applying GBR products as a possible therapeutic supplement on cardiac diseases.

Echocardiography and MALDI-TOF Identification of Myosin-Binding Protein C3 A74T Gene Mutations Involved Healthy and Mutated Bengal Cats

“…DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method were performed for myosin-binding protein C3 gene ( MYBPC3 ) as described previously in the Supplementary Figure S1 [ 22 ]. Briefly, genomic DNA extraction was obtained from the frozen blood samples according to the manufacturer’s guidance (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).…”

Relevance and Recommendations for the Application of Cardioplegic Solutions in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery in Pigs

“…The addition of diaxozide, adenosine, and nicorandil to cardioplegic solutions preserved ventricular function [ 29 , 39 , 43 , 44 ]. Meanwhile, treatment with H 2 S, pyruvate, zink-bis-histidinate, or a combination of adenosine/lidocaine/pentazocine improved myocardial protection [ 33 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Pyruvate supplementation in cardioplegic solutions also decreased CPB-induced myocardial inflammation [ 32 ].…”

“…The comparison of HTK and St. Thomas II cardioplegic solution showed better preservation of post-ischemic mechanoenergetic function and lower troponin T release with St. Thomas II-induced cardiopelgia [27]. Additives such as adenosine [28][29][30], pentazocine [28], lidocaine [28], procaine [29], cyclosporine A (CsA) [26,31], pyruvate [32,33], amrinone [34], cariporide [35], eniporide [36], aprotinin [37,38], nicorandil [39], H 2 S [40], zink-bis-histidinate [41], germinated brown rice extract (GBR) [42], and diazoxide [43] have been added to improve cardioplegic solutions. The addition of diaxozide, adenosine, and nicorandil to cardioplegic solutions preserved ventricular function [29,39,43,44].…”

“…A promoting effect on the coronary microcirculation was reported for a Mg 2+ -enriched crystalloid cardioplegic solution when compared with a potassium-enriched crystalloid cardioplegic solution [45]. GBR was reported to reduce the lactate production in CPB surgery [42]. The phosphodiesterase III inhibitor amrinone and CsA, which inhibits the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, promote cardiac function during cardioplegia [31,34].…”