“…Composite materials provide numerous benefits, such as elevated specific strength, specific modulus, resistance to fatigue, and corrosion, rendering them extensively employed in the aerospace, railway, and marine industries. [1][2][3] Nevertheless, conventional laminated composites encounter limitations due to insufficient reinforcement in the thickness direction, resulting in weak interlayer adhesion. [4][5][6] In order to address this concern, three-dimensional (3D) composite preforms incorporating z-directional fibers have been developed.…”