A Broader Conceptualization of Sexism: The Case of Poland

Mikołajczak, Małgorzata; Pietrzak, Janina

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14005-6_9

Cited by 61 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Specifically, in a cultural context in which traditional gender roles are generally supported, deviance from such norm also might evoke strong reactance. Many women students in our Polish sample might share a vision of traditional gender identity, with its characteristic ambivalent components, like the core historical role of motherhood in Polish femininity (Mikolajczak & Pietrzak, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactance to (or Acceptance of) Stereotypes

Lemus

Bukowski²,

Spears

et al. 2015

Zeitschrift für Psychologie

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Abstract. We propose that reactance to threats to individual freedom can be broadened to include threats to group identity and its associated values and norms. In two studies we primed women and men with (counter) stereotypical roles and measured implicit activation of reactance versus acceptance goals, task persistence, and support for system justification beliefs and collective action. Although we found no direct evidence of reactance activation, men activated acceptance when primed with gender stereotypes, whereas women did not. Further, traditional women legitimize the system after counter-stereotypical exposure, whereas progressive women (feminist identifiers) persist more in solving a task stereotypically favoring men under these conditions (Study 1). Finally, nonsexist women show higher support for collective action after stereotypical exposure when threat to their identity is blatant (Study 2). We argue that reactions to identity threats depend on the content of that identity so that the specific form reactance takes may depend on the group norms being threatened.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactance to (or Acceptance of) Stereotypes

Lemus

Bukowski²,

Spears

et al. 2015

Zeitschrift für Psychologie

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“…On the contrary, the situation of women in postcommunistic countries allowed women and men to achieve equal chances in education and social life (Mikołajczak & Pietrzak, 2015). Polish women perform multiple roles (of mother and wife, but also of a careeroriented employee), particularly in dual-career families-women work professionally, combining their career with household duties and childcare (cf., Kosakowska-Berezecka, Pawlicka, & Chrzan-De ˛tkoś, 2011;Kosakowska-Berezecka, Pawlicka, & Kalinowska-Z ˙eleźnik, 2012;Mikołajczak & Pietrzak, 2015). Moreover it could be argued that change in the construct of masculinity is still cosmetic in Poland.…”

Section: Gender Identities In Polish Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

If my masculinity is threatened I won’t support gender equality? The role of agentic self-stereotyping in restoration of manhood and perception of gender relations.

Kosakowska‐Berezecka¹,

Besta²,

Adamska³

et al. 2016

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

117

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Threats to masculinity can trigger compensatory mechanisms such as risk-taking, aggression, or disparagement of gender atypical others. In Study 1 (N ϭ 76) we tested whether threat to men's agentic self (information about the level of testosterone) influences men's (a) attitudes toward parental duties, and (b) their support for gender equality. Polish men (but not women) whose gender identity was threatened manifested more traditional attitudes toward parental duties, were more willing to endorse stereotypical gender roles, and showed less support for gender equality and less willingness to support collective egalitarian actions. In Study 2 (N ϭ 313) we found that agency is related to gender system justification in men, suggesting a potential mediator of the effects related to compensatory mechanisms evoked by a gender identity threat among men. This was confirmed in Study 3 (N ϭ 131), where participants read a short scientific text either (a) emphasizing the existence of stereotypical gender differences in terms of agency and communality, or (b) claiming that there are no such differences. Results indicated that in the "no differences" condition, men (but not women) showed lower acceptance of gender inequality and a greater willingness to engage in domestic activities. This effect was mediated by participants' self-perceived agency.

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“…The distinctive socio-cultural context of Polish older adults’ sexuality stems from the post-Second World War period. Under the real-socialist regime, women were encouraged by the state to join the workforce (in the spirit of revolutionary gender equality) and, at the same time, expected to be mothers to a new generation of socialist youth (Mikołajczak and Pietrzak, 2015). The Polish Catholic Church cemented its sociocultural influence by becoming the main opposition to the real-socialist regime (Ediger, 2005; Ingbrant, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Why would I want sex now?’ A qualitative study on older women's affirmative narratives on sexual inactivity in later life

Gore-Gorszewska

2021

Ageing and Society

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The existing research tries to understand the reasons for discontinuing sex in later life with the assumption that people want to be sexual. Although the growing body of literature informs that sex remains an integral part of older adults’ lives, a substantial number of older adults declare not being sexually active. This study aimed at exploring motives for deliberately choosing sexual inactivity among older women. Semi-structured interviews with 16 Polish women (aged 65–82) were thematically analysed in relation to the sexual scripts theory and the participants’ specific socio-cultural background. Three main themes regarding the reasons for cessation of their sex life were identified: ‘I am glad that sex does not concern me anymore’, ‘I am satisfied with my memories’ and ‘The right one’ or no one. The results indicate that some women give up sex for good, with no regrets or feeling of a loss; for others, it may be a temporary decision, its duration dependent on meeting the right partner. Developing sexual agency may encourage discontinuing their sex life – a choice perceived as optimal and liberating. Personal factors and the memories of marital relationships seem to shape older women's (a)sexual expectations. Acknowledging these nuances may contribute to a better understanding of older women's sexual functioning; implications for consideration in further research and practice are also discussed.

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A Broader Conceptualization of Sexism: The Case of Poland

Cited by 61 publications

References 90 publications

Reactance to (or Acceptance of) Stereotypes

Reactance to (or Acceptance of) Stereotypes

If my masculinity is threatened I won’t support gender equality? The role of agentic self-stereotyping in restoration of manhood and perception of gender relations.

‘Why would I want sex now?’ A qualitative study on older women's affirmative narratives on sexual inactivity in later life

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