A Brief History of the Diagnostic Classification of Childhood Externalizing Disorders

Frick, Paul J.; Thornton, Laura C.

doi:10.1002/9781118554470.ch23

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…As heterogeneity exists within the population of youths diagnosed with disruptive behavioural disorders 46 , and a subset of specific characteristics (e.g., CU traits and aggression) cross diagnostic boundaries, the present study took a transdiagnostic approach to examine how age may moderate the relationship between morphometric features and CU traits/aggression subtypes. To illustrate the heterogeneity associated with diagnostic categories, consider that while ODD, CD and ADHD are all classified as externalizing disorders 47 , there is a great deal of variability in the level of CU traits and the specific subtypes of aggression expressed by these youths both within and across diagnoses 48 . Nevertheless, transdiagnostic measures such as CU traits and proactive aggression help distinguish a group with particularly problematic outcomes 2 , 4 , 5 , 8 that may require distinct interventions 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal cortex structural and developmental associations with callous-unemotional traits and aggression

Hostetler,

Tavares,

Ritchie

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Youths with high levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and aggression are at an increased risk for developing antisocial behaviours into adulthood. In this population, neurostructural grey matter abnormalities have been observed in the prefrontal cortex. However, the directionality of these associations is inconsistent, prompting some to suggest they may vary across development. Although similar neurodevelopmental patterns have been observed for other disorders featuring emotional and behavioural dysregulation, few studies have tested this hypothesis for CU traits, and particularly not for aggression subtypes. The current study sought to examine grey matter correlates of CU traits and aggression (including its subtypes), and then determine whether these associations varied by age. Fifty-four youths (10–19 years old) who were characterized for CU traits and aggression underwent MRI. Grey matter volume and surface area within the anterior cingulate cortex was positively associated with CU traits. The correlation between CU traits and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) volume varied significantly as a function of age, as did the correlation between reactive aggression and mOFC surface area. These associations became more positive with age. There were no significant findings for proactive/total aggression. Results are interpreted considering the potential for delayed cortical maturation in youths with high CU traits/aggression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal cortex structural and developmental associations with callous-unemotional traits and aggression

Hostetler,

Tavares,

Ritchie

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…Additionally, the development of Wendigo psychosis can further be understood through the concept of externalization. Externalization is a psychological defense mechanism that is not just restricted to this specific cultural phenomenon but also a universal feature of human experience [ 10 ]. Through externalization, individuals can project their feelings onto external factors, situations, or individuals to cope with confronting their inner turmoil and negative emotions directly [ 10 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Externalization is a psychological defense mechanism that is not just restricted to this specific cultural phenomenon but also a universal feature of human experience [ 10 ]. Through externalization, individuals can project their feelings onto external factors, situations, or individuals to cope with confronting their inner turmoil and negative emotions directly [ 10 ]. By attributing cannibalistic desires to Wendigo's transformation, individuals distance themselves from the discomfort of confronting their conflicting emotions and the social stigmatization associated with cannibalism.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wendigo Psychosis and Psychiatric Perspectives of Cannibalism: A Complex Interplay of Culture, Psychology, and History

Oldak,

Maristany,

2023

Cureus

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Our review paper delves into the intricate and multifaceted realm of cannibalism, with a focused exploration of its manifestations in Wendigo psychosis. We aim to explore the implications of cannibalism within the realms of psychiatry, anthropology, psychology, and sociology by navigating the complexities of cultural beliefs, psychological underpinnings, historical contexts, and contemporary significance surrounding cannibalism. Cannibalism is deeply ingrained in the cultural and mythological heritage of Algonquian-speaking tribes; it is closely associated with the symbolic figure of the Wendigo. The Wendigo serves as a warning about the potential loss of one's humanity in dire circumstances like starvation. Wendigo psychosis, characterized by psychiatric manifestations such as paranoia, anxiety, hallucinations, and cannibalistic urges, often emerges as a result of a fusion of cultural narratives and psychological vulnerabilities. This may provide an outlet for individuals experiencing internal distress. Historical records show that instances of Wendigo psychosis and cannibalism were more prevalent during periods of extreme scarcity and famine among Algonquian tribes, but they can also manifest in non-famine contexts. Cannibalism assumes diverse forms and meanings across various cultures, encompassing ritualistic, sacrificial, or survival cannibalism. Acknowledging these nuances is paramount to avoiding perpetuating harmful stereotypes and to appreciating the significance of these practices within specific cultures. Engaging in discussions about cannibalism necessitates cultural sensitivity and respect for diverse cultural practices and beliefs to foster open dialogue and enhance cross-cultural understanding. Although cannibalism is often associated with psychiatric disorders, it is not exclusively rooted in mental illness. Factors like substance abuse, antisocial traits, and environmental upbringing can also contribute to cannibalistic acts. In some cases, cannibalism may be linked to survival instincts stemming from trauma and abuse. Therefore, it is vital to distinguish between various forms of cannibalism and understand their underlying motivations. Analyzing cannibalistic fantasies from a psychoanalytic perspective involves exploring mechanisms such as melancholia and oral fixation, shedding light on the psychological underpinnings of these thoughts and urges. Moreover, the influence of media portrayals of cannibalism on public perceptions cannot be underestimated. Sensationalism and romanticization in popular culture can distort our understanding of the motivations and mental states of individuals involved in cannibalistic acts. In essence, cannibalism remains an intriguing and multidimensional topic deeply entrenched in cultural narratives and psychological complexities. A comprehensive understanding necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, taking into account how historical context, cultural beliefs, psychological experiences, and societal dim...

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“…Compared to women, men engage more frequently in externalizing behaviors (Cross et al, 2011; Hicks et al, 2007; Weinstein & Dannon, 2015; Zucker, 2008) and show higher prevalence in impulse-control and conduct disorders (Corr & McNaughton, 2016; Frick & Thornton, 2017; Torrubia et al, 2001). The neural bases of the sex differences have been under extensive investigation, much with a focus on the striatal circuits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Striatal gray matter volumes, externalizing traits, and N-back task performance: An exploratory study of sex differences using the human connectome project data

Chen

2022

Journal of Experimental Psychopathology

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The striatum is implicated in externalizing traits and cognitive dysfunction. The ventral and dorsal striatal subregions may play differentiable roles in externalizing behaviors and executive functions. We employed voxel-based morphometry to estimate the striatal gray matter volumes (GMVs) of 968 young adults (510 women) of the Human Connectome Project. We examined sex differences in striatal GMVs, tested how striatal GMVs related to an externalizing trait (Extn), and 2-back memory efficiency (Eff2), and examined whether these relationships exhibited sex differences. Men showed significantly higher ventral striatum (VS) and lentiform nucleus (LN) GMVs as well as higher Extn and Eff2 than women. Across all subjects, greater caudate and LN GMVs were correlated significantly with lower Eff2 though with limited effect sizes ( r = −0.140, p < .001 and r = −0.093, p = .004, respectively) and the latter correlation was carried primarily by women ( z = −3.070, p = .002, slope test). VS GMV showed positive correlation with Extn ( r = 0.085, p = .008). Together, striatal GMVs are significantly but only weakly associated with externalizing behaviors and cognitive dysfunction in young adults. As key hubs of the fronto-striatal circuits, the ventral and dorsal striatum may contribute differently to externalizing psychopathology.

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A Brief History of the Diagnostic Classification of Childhood Externalizing Disorders

Cited by 8 publications

References 90 publications

Prefrontal cortex structural and developmental associations with callous-unemotional traits and aggression

Prefrontal cortex structural and developmental associations with callous-unemotional traits and aggression

Wendigo Psychosis and Psychiatric Perspectives of Cannibalism: A Complex Interplay of Culture, Psychology, and History

Striatal gray matter volumes, externalizing traits, and N-back task performance: An exploratory study of sex differences using the human connectome project data

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