A brief history of poultry nutrition over the last hundred years

Elwinger, K.; Fisher, C.; Jeroch, H.; Sauveur, Bernard; Tiller, H.; Whitehead, C. C.

doi:10.1017/s004393391600074x

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The majority of antimicrobial use (AMU) is for food animal production [ 7 ]. Poultry encompasses the most abundant and fastest growing per capita livestock and one of the most common sources of multi-resistant (MDR) bacteria [ 35 , 36 ]. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), a demand for quality sources of animal products will follow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poultry, one of the fastest per capita produced livestock [ 35 , 36 ] ( Figure 3 ), will continue to expand as countries shift from subsistence to intensive farming that also requires routine AMU [ 37 , 38 ]. In comparison to other terrestrial livestock, the ubiquity of poultry is attributable to several key characteristics: small body size, relatively short life cycle, high energy uptake efficiency, and robust adaptability to environmental conditions [ 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings

Hedman

Vasco

Zhang

2020

Animals

116

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The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain a pressing global health issue. Animal husbandry, in particular poultry, makes up a substantial portion of the global antimicrobial use. Despite the growing body of research evaluating the AMR within industrial farming systems, there is a gap in understanding the emergence of bacterial resistance originating from poultry within resource-limited environments. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), there will be an increased demand for quality sources of animal protein. Further promotion of intensive poultry farming could address issues of food security, but it may also increase risks of AMR exposure to poultry, other domestic animals, wildlife, and human populations. Given that intensively raised poultry can function as animal reservoirs for AMR, surveillance is needed to evaluate the impacts on humans, other animals, and the environment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of poultry production within low-resource settings in order to inform future small-scale poultry farming development. Future research is needed in order to understand the full extent of the epidemiology and ecology of AMR in poultry within low-resource settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings

Hedman

Vasco

Zhang

2020

Animals

116

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“…The most significant addition required to update the Williams model to calculate the cost of coccidiosis in chickens related to the far wider use of live anticoccidial vaccines. Anticoccidial vaccines have become the dominant form of anticoccidial prophylaxis in layer and breeding stock around much of the World [22], with burgeoning interest in "no antibiotics, ever" food production expected to increase vaccine use further. It has been suggested that more than 40% of US broiler producers now use anticoccidial vaccines in at least one flock each year [53], supported by statistics from a leading industry benchmark that more than 30% of commercial broilers sold in the US since 2016 have received an anticoccidial vaccine (personal communication).…”

Section: Example Countrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens

Blake

Knox

Dehaeck³

et al. 2020

Vet Res

334

242

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Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0–£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7–£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.

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“…finding is not surprising, because tetracycline has been widely used as a therapeutic and feed additive to improve feed efficiency in animal production systems since its approval in 1948 (Lwinger et al, 2016). …”

Section: Identified Tet(a) Tet(b) and Tet(c) Genes In Australian Isomentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, a localised or systemic infection resulting in clinical diseases such as colisepticemia, chronic respiratory disease and swollen-head syndrome. Globally, avian colibacillosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, and it has been associated with massive economic losses and welfare problems.This organism is of public health significance as APEC is communicable to humans. The diagnosis of avian colibacillosis relies on clinical signs, typical pathological lesions and culture of E. coli from affected tissue(s). Antimicrobial therapy is often used both for treatment and control. Previous overseas studies have characterised APEC and identified virulence genes (VGs) that can be used as molecular markers for the identification of APEC. Little is known about APEC in broiler chickens in Australia.The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of APEC in Australian broiler flocks and how factors including presence of VGs and phylogenetic group can improve the identification of this pathotype in Australia. Firstly, three faecal DNA extraction methods were evaluated. Faeces were collected from healthy chickens and chickens with colibacillosis from commercial broiler farms in South East Queensland (SEQ). The extracted DNA was screened by a pentaplex-PCR for five APEC-associated VGs (iroN, iutA, iss, hlyF and ompT). DNA extracted from E. coli isolates cultured from the cloaca and organs of the birds were screened using the same PCR.Repeated bead beating plus column elution was the preferred DNA extraction method, as it yielded good PCR quality and adequate quantity DNA. However, identifying APEC by direct detection of the five VGs from the faecal material was not feasible as all of these genes were also detected in all of the birds. However, the VGs were more commonly detected in E. coli isolates cultured from birds with colibacillosis.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate APEC farm-level prevalence in healthy broiler chickens in SEQ and to identify potential risk factors associated with the carriage of APEC. At the farm-level, all of the 40 farms sampled were positive for APEC, that is at least one bird per farm carried APEC, while the within-farm prevalence was 63% (95% Confidence Interval: 55.8, 70.2).Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was significantly associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water, failure to disinfect the water line after each flock, farm visitors not showering before entering the shed, distances greater than 20 metres between the car park and the poultry shed and the presence of wild birds within 50 metres of the shed. Chlorinating the drinking water combined with automatic water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence. Page | 3Therefore, based on the results concluded from the multivariable model, improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce APEC prevalence, decrease the risk of co...

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A brief history of poultry nutrition over the last hundred years

Cited by 29 publications

References 54 publications

A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings

A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings

Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

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