“…In the literature, there are many types of segmentation algorithms applied to medical images, such as thresholding [ 10 , 11 ], region growing [ 12 , 13 ], machine learning [ 14 , 15 ], deep-learning [ 16 , 17 ], active contour [ 18 , 19 ], quantum-inspired computing [ 20 , 21 ], and computational intelligence [ 22 , 23 ]. Therefore, this section sequentially and individually reviews the related recent developments in unsupervised and supervised categories.…”