A blockchain-based Fog-oriented lightweight framework for smart public vehicular transportation systems

Baker, Thar; Asim, Muhammad; Samwini, Hezekiah; Shamim, Nauman; Alani, Mohammed M.; Buyya, Rajkumar

doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108676

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…BLA provides these benefits by integrating contemporary cryptography and BC technology uniquely [ 75 ]. To establish a secure smart vehicle system, Baker et al [ 152 ] presented a lightweight system that uses BC for authentication. To develop the system, the authors used 5G and federated learning in FC.…”

Section: Blockchain-fog Computing Purposesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the purposes of Blockchain and fog computing integration: classification and open issues

2022

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The fog computing concept was proposed to help cloud computing for the data processing of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, fog computing faces several challenges such as security, privacy, and storage. One way to address these challenges is to integrate blockchain with fog computing. There are several applications of blockchain-fog computing integration that have been proposed, recently, due to their lucrative benefits such as enhancing security and privacy. There is a need to systematically review and synthesize the literature on this topic of blockchain-fog computing integration. The purposes of integrating blockchain and fog computing were determined using a systematic literature review approach and tailored search criteria established from the research questions. In this research, 181 relevant papers were found and reviewed. The results showed that the authors proposed the combination of blockchain and fog computing for several purposes such as security, privacy, access control, and trust management. A lack of standards and laws may make it difficult for blockchain and fog computing to be integrated in the future, particularly in light of newly developed technologies like quantum computing and artificial intelligence. The findings of this paper serve as a resource for researchers and practitioners of blockchain-fog computing integration for future research and designs.

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Section: Blockchain-fog Computing Purposesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the purposes of Blockchain and fog computing integration: classification and open issues

2022

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“…[86] NS-3 Consensus processing time, implementation cost (hardware implementation area), power consumption [87] N/A Storage cost [88] Python & NS-3 Storage cost, block propagation time, number of calculations [89] N/A Storage cost [90] Cooja Number of transactions mined, latency, consensus time, energy consumption [91] C The increment of the Flash and RAM memory occupation and the average network latency [92] Hyperledger Storage efficiency, computational cost, communication cost [93] Ethereum Computational complexity, communication overhead [94] N/A CPU usage, memory usage, transactions performance [95] Matlab Consensus algorithm complexity, consensus efficiency [96] N/A Transaction throughput, memory usage, CPU utilization, bandwidth consumption [97] N/A Resource utilization, consensus delay [98] Ethereum Blockchain size, CPU and memory overhead, storage latency, PKI latency [99] Ethereum Storage cost, computational cost [100] N/A Computational cost, communication overhead [101] Hyperledger Transactions per second, consensus delay, communication times [102] Hyperledger Transactions per second, scalability, storage cost, block weight N/A Transactions per second [103] Hyperledger Scalability, storage cost, transactions delay, processing time [104] N/A DAG consensus: cumulative weights, number of tips, simulation time [106] Python Transaction confirmation overhead, validation overhead [107] Matlab Operating capability under the symmetric and asymmetric information environments [108] Python Authentication delay, application delay, network usage and energy consumption [109] Ethereum Gas cost, response time [110] Python Storage overhead, consensus latency [111] Hyperledger Transfer speed, migration time [112] Ethereum Disk usage, memory allocation, CPU usage, throughput, power consumption [113] NS3 Cryptography computational cost [114] N/A Power consumption, CPU usage, block transmission cost, message transmission overhead [114] Java Computational cost, storage, communication overhead, consensus delay...…”

Section: A Lightweight Blockchain Technical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

et al. 2022

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The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an essential part of our society. IoT devices are used in our houses, hospitals, cars, industry, etc., making our lives easier. Nonetheless, there are a number of serious concerns about security, privacy and performance issues in IoT. It has been proven that the aforementioned issues are strictly related to the high degree of centralisation of current IoT architecture. Thus, there is an increasing interest in adopting blockchain in IoT. However, blockchain adoption is not straightforward due to the power, storage and computational limitations of IoT. Consequently, the concept of lightweight blockchain is getting more and more attention from researchers and engineers. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review on the lightweight blockchain concept for IoT following the PRISMA methodology. We systematically analyse "lightweight blockchain for IoT" proposals in order to better understand the limitations of blockchain for IoT, the characteristics of the current work on this topic and further research opportunities. Specifically, we analyse the definition of lightweight blockchain that other authors give, the characteristics of the reviewed proposals, their "lightweight" aspects and their evaluation. Finally, we discuss the results of the review along with further research opportunities. Consequently, this work is mostly focused on understanding the technical and performance-related aspects of blockchain for IoT as a prelude to more specific analysis such as security (i.e., attacks, vulnerabilities, etc.).

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“…Another blockchain‐based fog architecture is proposed in reference 22 for the specific use case of smart public vehicular transportation systems. It is also structured in the typical 3 layers (end devices, fog, cloud), and leverages several technologies, including 5G, blockchain, edge computing, AI, and IoT.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the use of blockchain in resource‐constrained fog computing environments

et al. 2022

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Fog computing has become a complementary technology to cloud computing and addresses some of the cloud computing threats such as the response time and network bandwidth demand. Fog computing successes processing data and storing data near to the edge, and usually is combined with container virtualization to provide hardware isolation. Empowered by these capabilities, numerous Internet of Things (IoT) applications are developed as virtualized instances on resource-constrained fog nodes such as single-board computers (SBC). In addition, blockchain has emerged as a key technology that is transforming the way we share information. Blockchain technology represents a decentralised, distributed, and immutable database ledger and is a potential solution for the distributed ecosystem of IoT applications. The distributed structure of blockchain is naturally suitable for IoT applications. However, it introduces new challenges related to CPU overhead or response time. This paper proposes a layered architecture that integrates blockchain technology and OS-level virtualization technology to develop fog-based IoT applications. It also provides insights for future deployments through a proof-of-concept use case harnessing SBCs, in this case Raspberry Pi, as blockchain-enabled fog nodes to drive virtualized IoT applications. The study shows that the maximum CPU overhead added by a permissioned blockchain based on Ethereum on the Raspberry Pi is around a 25% under stress situations while the overhead introduced by the sealer process is negligible. These results support the feasibility of using blockchain on resource-constrained fog nodes for supporting IoT applications.

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A blockchain-based Fog-oriented lightweight framework for smart public vehicular transportation systems

Cited by 37 publications

References 38 publications

A systematic review of the purposes of Blockchain and fog computing integration: classification and open issues

A systematic review of the purposes of Blockchain and fog computing integration: classification and open issues

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

Exploring the use of blockchain in resource‐constrained fog computing environments

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