A biocompatible ruthenium-based composite fluorescent probe using bovine serum albumin as a scaffold for ethylene gas detection and its fluorescence imaging in plant tissues
“…In 2022, Chen, Niu, and coworkers took a hybrid approach from the works of the Huang and Tanaka groups by combining the pyrene-based Ru complex BP-6 above (FPRu by Chen, Niu and coworkers) with the albumin metalloenzyme approach by Tanaka. [34] The probe was proposed to bind to the hydrophobic pocket of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to give a probe termed B-FPRu by the authors, with a LOD of 1 ppm.…”
Section: Olefin Metathesis For Ethylene Detectionmentioning
Despite its relative simplicity, ethylene is an interesting molecule with wide‐ranging impact in modern chemistry and biology. Stemming from ethylene's role as a critical plant hormone, there has been significant effort to develop selective and sensitive molecular sensors for ethylene. Late transition metal complexes have played an important role in detection strategies due to ethylene's lack of structural complexity and limited reactivity. Two main approaches to ethylene detection are identified: (1) coordination‐based sensors, wherein ethylene binds reversibly to a metal center, and (2) activity‐based sensors, wherein ethylene undergoes a reaction at a metal center, resulting in the formation and destruction of covalent bonds. Herein, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, and the challenges remaining for sensor development.
“…In 2022, Chen, Niu, and coworkers took a hybrid approach from the works of the Huang and Tanaka groups by combining the pyrene-based Ru complex BP-6 above (FPRu by Chen, Niu and coworkers) with the albumin metalloenzyme approach by Tanaka. [34] The probe was proposed to bind to the hydrophobic pocket of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to give a probe termed B-FPRu by the authors, with a LOD of 1 ppm.…”
Section: Olefin Metathesis For Ethylene Detectionmentioning
Despite its relative simplicity, ethylene is an interesting molecule with wide‐ranging impact in modern chemistry and biology. Stemming from ethylene's role as a critical plant hormone, there has been significant effort to develop selective and sensitive molecular sensors for ethylene. Late transition metal complexes have played an important role in detection strategies due to ethylene's lack of structural complexity and limited reactivity. Two main approaches to ethylene detection are identified: (1) coordination‐based sensors, wherein ethylene binds reversibly to a metal center, and (2) activity‐based sensors, wherein ethylene undergoes a reaction at a metal center, resulting in the formation and destruction of covalent bonds. Herein, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, and the challenges remaining for sensor development.
“…In this way, it is possible to reject the excitation light by an accurate design of the filter band, and have at the same time the maximum transmittance at the molecule re-emission wavelength. Ruthenium-based fluorophores are very appealing to this aim, since the absorption of these complexes is in the range between ultraviolet (UV) and blue light, while the re-emission spectra are usually positioned beyond 500 nm [ 73 , 74 ]. In particular, the interferential filter integrated on the presented SoG has been dimensioned, as reported in [ 28 ], to work with the [Ru(phen) 2 (dppz)] 2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2 ,3 -c]phenazine), a fluorescent dye that shows an absorption peak around 450 nm, and an emission peak located between 610 and 630 nm.…”
Section: Evaluation Of System Performancesmentioning
In this work, we present a multifunctional Lab-on-Chip (LoC) platform based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon sensors suitable for a wide range of application in the fields of biochemical and food quality control analysis. The proposed system includes a LoC fabricated on a 5 cm × 5 cm glass substrate and a set of electronic boards for controlling the LoC functionalities. The presented Lab-on-Chip comprises light and temperature sensors, a thin film resistor acting as a heating source, and an optional thin film interferential filter suitable for fluorescence analysis. The developed electronics allows to control the thin film heater, a light source for fluorescence and absorption measurements, and the photosensors to acquire luminescent signals. All these modules are enclosed in a black metal box ensuring the portability of the whole platform. System performances have been evaluated in terms of sensor optical performances and thermal control achievements. For optical sensors, we have found a minimum number of detectable photons of 8 × 104 s−1·cm−2: at room temperature, 1.6 × 106 s−1·cm−2: in presence of fluorescence excitation source, and 2.4 × 106 s−1·cm−2· at 90 °C. From a thermal management point of view, we have obtained heating and cooling rates both equal to 2.2 °C/s, and a temperature sensor sensitivity of about 3 mV/°C even in presence of light. The achieved performances demonstrate the possibility to simultaneously use all integrated sensors and actuators, making promising the presented platform for a wide range of application fields.
“…It is important to note that the development of simple and efficient fluorescent probes for ethylene detection can greatly benefit the transportation and storage of fruits, as well as provide more opportunities for fluorescence imaging of endogenous ethylene in plants. The characterization of the structure of the probes using FT-IR spectroscopy, HRMS, and 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and 31 P NMR spectroscopies, along with the testing of their ethylene response properties using UV−visible and fluorescence spectrophotometers, are crucial steps in the develop-ment of these probes. The monitoring of the ripening process of yellow tomatoes using these probes can provide valuable insights into the practical application of these probes in the agricultural industry.…”
To detect the plant hormone ethylene, three arylolefins were employed to react with ethylene based on olefin metathesis. In this study, three fluorescence probes were successfully prepared using a first-generation Grubbs catalyst (G-1) and arylolefin with terminal vinyl groups. The probes were characterized using various techniques, including UV−vis, fluorescence, FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and 31 P NMR spectroscopies and HRMS. The probes exhibited an emission maximum at 394 nm and showed excellent ethylene response. The detection limits for the probes were calculated to be 0.128, 0.074, and 0.188 μL/mL (3σ), respectively, based on fluorescence stimulation by ethylene gas. Additionally, the YGTZ-2 probe was used to detect ethylene gas during the storage process of tomatoes. This work expands the application of arylolefin in ethylene detection and provides a foundation for the development of economic, rapid, and convenient photosensitive sensors for ethylene in the future.
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