A bio‐inspired gelatin‐based pH‐ and thermal‐sensitive magnetic hydrogel for in vitro chemo/hyperthermia treatment of breast cancer cells

Abstract

Gelatin (Gel)-based pH-and thermal-responsive magnetic hydrogels (MH-1 and MH-2) were designed and developed as novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer chemo/hyperthermia therapy. For this goal, Gel was functionalized with methacrylic anhydride (GelMA), and then copolymerized with (2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate (DMAEMA) monomer in the presence of methacrylate-end capped magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as well as triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA; as crosslinker). Afterward, a thiolend capped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm-SH) was synthesized through an atom transfer radical polymerization technique, and then attached onto the hydrogel through "thiol-ene" click grafting. The preliminary performances of developed MHs for chemo/hyperthermia therapy of human breast cancer was investigated through the loading of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) as an anticancer agent followed by cytotoxicity measurement of drug-loaded DDSs using MTT assay by both chemo-and chemo/hyperthermia-therapies. Owing to porous morphologies of the fabricated magnetic hydrogels according to scanning electron microscopy images and strong physicochemical interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding) the drug loading capacities of the MH-1 and MH-2 were obtained as 72 ± 1.4 and 77 ± 1.8, respectively. The DDSs exhibited acceptable pH-and thermal-triggered drug release behaviors. The MTT assay

Smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels: Cutting-edge platforms for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications

“…Smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels have been utilized as efficient delivery systems for many bioactive molecules and therapeutics in multiple applications in biomedicine. They included, but were not limited to, hybrid electro-responsive hydrogels for enhancement of wound healing [ 411 ], dual temperature and pH-responsive hydrogels for treatment of cancer [ [412] , [413] , [414] , [415] ], and magnetic-responsive hydrogels for control of neural (Parkinson) disease [ 416 ]. Recently, the field of nanotechnology has emerged significant progress with the ability to produce nanoparticles from different sources with substantial promises in diverse biomedical applications including drug delivery [ 417 ].…”

Design of Magnetic Hydrogels for Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery

“…Magnetite-nanoparticle-loaded beads were surface functionalized by gallic acid for the efficient removal of Cr(+6) [ 94 ]. In another work, methacrylate-functionalized hydrogel was reported where magnetite MNPs were mixed and utilized for hyperthermia treatment [ 95 ]. A high amount of MNPs (up to 60%) was also used for preparing tough MHGs [ 96 ].…”

“…There are several limitations however, such as the adjustment and optimization of MNP concentration, viscosity of the hydrogel after the incorporation of MNPs, and undesired migration of MNPs beside the targeted site. Gelatin-based MHGs were reported for the synergistic application of hyperthermia and chemotherapy [ 95 ]. Methacrylic-anhydride-functionalized gelatin was copolymerized with 2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate, with methacrylate-end-capped magnetic nanoparticles serving as the MNPs.…”

Fabrication of a magnetic alginate-silk fibroin hydrogel, containing halloysite nanotubes as a novel nanocomposite for biological and hyperthermia applications

“…MNPs hyperthermia is a complex approach with both advantageous aims and challenges. The cancer cells could be straightly destruct employing MNPs hyperthermia which caused easy mass transmission in drug delivery application leading to thermal-responsive drug release or enhanced connection with other therapies to upgrade the general outcome 32 , 33 . There are many impressive parameters in hyperthermia procedure progression.…”