“…4,5 However, the repair of osteochondral defects involves three components: cartilage, cartilage-bone interface, and subchondral bone, making achieving satisfactory repair outcomes highly challenging. [6][7][8][9] Existing osteochondral repair materials mainly consist of natural polymers [10][11][12][13][14][15] such as hyaluronic acid, collagen (COL), gelatin (GEL), alginate (ALG), and chondroitin sulfate (CS), and bioceramics 14,[16][17][18] including hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium silicate, bioactive glass, and their composites. These scaffolds are combined with active substances such as transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), or cells including bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts to enhance the regenerative capacity of the scaffolds for both cartilage and bone regeneration.…”