A bilayer collagen scaffold with bevacizumab stabilizes chondrogenesis and promotes osteochondral regeneration

Mechanisms of vascular invasion after cartilage injury and potential engineering cartilage treatment strategies

“…108 Moreover, Zheng et al implanted bevacizumab into a bilayer collagen scaffold and found that the scaffold could prevent vascular invasion and promote osteochondral regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. 109 Suramin, an anti-angiogenic drug, belongs to the category of chemical drug. Suramin binds to FGF receptors and inhibits the expression of VEGF receptors, thereby reducing the binding of FGF and VEGF to their receptors and inhibiting angiogenesis.…”

“…Moreover, Zheng et al. implanted bevacizumab into a bilayer collagen scaffold and found that the scaffold could prevent vascular invasion and promote osteochondral regeneration both in vitro and in vivo 109 …”

Photo-crosslinked integrated triphasic scaffolds with gradient composition and strength for osteochondral regeneration

“…These scaffolds are combined with active substances such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), or cells including bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts to enhance the regenerative capacity of the scaffolds for both cartilage and bone regeneration. 11,19–21…”

“…4,5 However, the repair of osteochondral defects involves three components: cartilage, cartilage-bone interface, and subchondral bone, making achieving satisfactory repair outcomes highly challenging. [6][7][8][9] Existing osteochondral repair materials mainly consist of natural polymers [10][11][12][13][14][15] such as hyaluronic acid, collagen (COL), gelatin (GEL), alginate (ALG), and chondroitin sulfate (CS), and bioceramics 14,[16][17][18] including hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium silicate, bioactive glass, and their composites. These scaffolds are combined with active substances such as transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), or cells including bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts to enhance the regenerative capacity of the scaffolds for both cartilage and bone regeneration.…”

“…These scaffolds are combined with active substances such as transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), or cells including bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts to enhance the regenerative capacity of the scaffolds for both cartilage and bone regeneration. 11,[19][20][21] Among these, photocurable hydrogels (such as GELMA, ALGMA, and CS-AEMA) not only possess highly hydrated three-dimensional structures and extracellular matrix-like properties similar to traditional hydrogels but can also be polymerized and shaped under mild light conditions. [22][23][24][25] This process is controllable and avoids the issue of introducing toxicity associated with traditional chemical crosslinkers.…”