Errors in computing systems can cause abnormal behavior and degrade data integrity and system availability. Errors should be avoided especially in embedded systems for critical applications. However, as the trend in VLSI technologies has been towards smaller feature sizes, lower supply voltages, and higher frequencies, there is a growing concern about temporary errors as well as permanent errors in embedded systems; thus, it is very essential to detect those errors. Software Implemented Hardware Fault Tolerance (SIHFT) is a low-cost alternative to hardware fault tolerance techniques for embedded processors: it does not require any hardware modification of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) processors. ED 4 I is a SIHFT technique that detects both permanent and temporary errors by executing two "different" programs (with the same functionality) and comparing their outputs. ED 4 I maps each number, x, in the original program into a new number x′, and then transforms the program so that it operates on the new numbers so that the results can be mapped backwards for comparison with the results of the original program. The mapping in the transformation of ED 4 I