A basis for the revision of scales for sanitary accommodation in schools

Davidson, Peter; Courtney, Roger

doi:10.1177/014362448000100103

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Comparing a washbasin or a face towel station in a typical washroom, the first-come-first-serve queuing discipline and the firstly used appliance of WC are assumed to be associated with the longest occupying period in determining the provisions. 10 Upon arrival, a user is assumed to be using the resource if there is any appliance available; otherwise, he or she would have to queue for the WC service desired. Once served, he or she is assumed to be leaving the appliance for the next process, i.e.…”

Section: Sanitary Demand Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Arrival patterns and occupying periods in Poisson distribution were assumed while the WC provision with a limiting failure rate, say 1%, was selected for offices and institutional buildings. 10 Some investigations suggested that women might need more WC provision. The reason is, averagely, women take twice as long of time to urinate (from entering the WC to exiting) as compared to man.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling sanitary demands for occupant loads in shopping centres of Hong Kong

Mui

Wong

Lam

2009

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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This paper presents a quantitative mathematical model of sanitary demands from occupants in shopping complexes. In-situ measurements and interview surveys with occupants were conducted in typical local shopping malls in order to determine the model parameters for their visiting patterns, load patterns, demand patterns and their preferred or acceptable duration for waiting and using water closets (WCs). The model is used to assess the probable acceptance of sanitary facilities towards the acceptable amount of time for waiting at a typical female washroom designed for an occupant load of 600 occupants in a shopping mall. The results showed that the current sanitary provisions for female washrooms in local shopping malls could meet occupants’ minimum expectation, while with an additional 33% of WC, the sanitary would fully satisfy ‘all’ occupants in terms of amount of time for waiting. Practical applications: This paper presents a quantitative mathematical model of sanitary demands from a group of building occupants. This model is applied to evaluate the performance of sanitary provisions at typical female washrooms in Hong Kong shopping malls and to quantify the provisions required to achieve the most acceptable amount of time for waiting to their users.

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Section: Sanitary Demand Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling sanitary demands for occupant loads in shopping centres of Hong Kong

Mui

Wong

Lam

2009

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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“…A simple queuing process was used to quantify the service provided by certain sanitary provisions as shown in Figure 2 (Davidson and Courtney, 1976, 1980; Wistort, 1995; Wong and Yau, 2004). The process assumes the first‐use appliance of the users is a WC, which is associated with a longest service time in comparing with a washbasin or a face towel station in a typical washroom for shopping malls.…”

Section: Queuing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…before lunch) and schools (e.g. breaks between classes), but remain relatively low for other periods (Davidson and Courtney, 1976, 1980). However, such demands in a shopping mall depend very much on the nature of activities held there, the composition of its retailers and the length of time a customer spends in the facility, presenting considerable uncertainty regarding the arrival distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Queuing theory has been applied in evaluating the provision of toilets for well‐defined usage patterns with an arbitrary choice of limiting failure rate λ (Dshalalow, 1995; Green and Smith, 1976; Wistort, 1995; Davidson and Courtney, 1976, 1980). Arrival patterns and service time in Poisson distribution were assumed and the WC provision with a limiting failure rate of 0.01 was determined for offices and institutional buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling water closet demand in shopping centres

Wong

Yau²

2005

Facilities

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PurposeTo quantify water closet (WC) provisions in shopping malls in order to help building professionals to determine effective sanitary designs at certain service standards in terms of the user's probable waiting time.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed WC provision takes account of the probable waiting time corresponding to certain demand patterns of shopping malls. The probable waiting time for a WC and the failure rate of the closet in providing immediate service to the users at various WC provision levels described by a simple queuing process are evaluated by the Monte Carlo simulations. Model parameters such as the maximum waiting time expected by the users, the frequency distributions of the time between user arrivals and the service time at sanitary facilities were determined from a survey of a large shopping mall in Hong Kong.FindingsThe suitable provision of WCs was determined by the user's acceptable waiting time, and compared with those provision levels determined by the limiting failure rate of providing immediate service.Research limitations/implicationsThe model parameters are not exhaustive, with assumptions made for the queuing process of washroom users and have only been determined from a recent survey in Hong Kong, which perhaps will limit the model's usefulness elsewhere.Practical implicationsA useful source of reference in planning the sanitary facilities of shopping malls for various user demands. The methodology can be used in a modified form for most building types.Originality/valueThis paper proposes mathematical expressions for WC provision in shopping malls and presents a template to determine the required model parameters. The model offers practical help to professionals involved in planning, designing and managing the sanitary facilities of shopping malls.

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Bibliography

2002

Water, Sanitary and Waste Services for Buildings

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A basis for the revision of scales for sanitary accommodation in schools

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Modelling sanitary demands for occupant loads in shopping centres of Hong Kong

Modelling sanitary demands for occupant loads in shopping centres of Hong Kong

Modelling water closet demand in shopping centres

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