A 60-GHz 144-Element Phased-Array Transceiver for Backhaul Application

Sowlati, T.; Sarkar, Sabyasachi; Perumana, Bevin; Chan, Wei Liat; Toda, Anna Papió; Afshar, Bagher; Boers, Michael; Shin, Donghyup; Mercer, Timothy; Chen, Weihong; Besoli, Alfred Grau; Yoon, Sung Wook; Kyriazidou, Sissy; Yang, Phil; Aggarwal, Vinod K.; Vakilian, Nooshin; Rozenblit, Dmitriy; Kahrizi, Masoud; Zhang, Joy; Alan, Wang; Sen, Padmanava; Murphy, David; Sajjadi, Ali; Mehrabani, Alireza; Kornaros, Evangelos; Low, Khim; Kimura, Koji; Roussel, Vincent; Xie, Huimin; Kodavati, Venkat

doi:10.1109/jssc.2018.2874048

Cited by 92 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The OTA methods provide low-complexity ways to measure the radiated response. However, far-field distance of large arrays and potential multipath propagation makes the approach challenging to apply in real systems, where very compact array designs [18]- [20] are used. Also, arranging a proper reference antenna setup is not straightforward in the field, for example if the base stations (BSs) are installed in very different places.…”

Section: A State-of-the-art Array Feedback Rx Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Predistortion of Phased-Array Transmitter With Shared Feedback and Far-Field Calibration

Tervo¹,

Khan²,

Kursu³

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Digital predistortion (DPD) of a phased array requires that multiple transmit paths must be measured by a feedback (FB) receiver (Rx). In this paper, we propose a FB concept for DPD in a time-division-duplex (TDD) phased arrays. We use a single FB line to collect the waveform samples from the parallel transmit paths to the FB Rx. The TDD switches are used to enable and disable individual transmit paths. The feedback is calibrated by comparing the FB outputs from individual PAs to over-the-air (OTA) measurement reference performed with a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) signal. The individual PA measurements are post-equalized before the DPD training to model the far-field signal. Three alternative strategies are considered for training the DPD through the calibrated FB line and compared with the OTA DPD. The performance is verified by OTA measurements of a 28 GHz phased array transmitter and with fifth generation New Radio waveform in terms of total radiated (TR) adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR), cumulative absolute ACP (CACP), and main lobe error vector magnitude (EVM). The best EVM and ACPR performance is achieved by the strategy where the individual PA responses are treated independently. The methods were comparable to the OTA DPD performance, achieving all < 37 dB TRACPR, −29 dBm/MHz CACP, and ≤ 7 % EVM.

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Section: A State-of-the-art Array Feedback Rx Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Predistortion of Phased-Array Transmitter With Shared Feedback and Far-Field Calibration

Tervo¹,

Khan²,

Kursu³

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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“…CMOS technology is the natural choice for applications that significantly exceed 1 million units per year, due to its unrivaled low-cost mass manufacturing and high integration density. Consequently, CMOS has taken over many of the fields originally owned by SiGe, such as 60-GHz wireless communication [202] and consumer/automotive radar in the 60-and 77-GHz range [203]. Beyond 100-GHz, the saturating f t / f max values of scaled CMOS make competitive designs challenging compared to SiGe.…”

Section: Thz Cmosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Transceivers in SiGe BiCMOS Technologies

Kissinger

Kahmen

Weigel

2021

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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This invited paper reviews the progress of silicon-germanium (SiGe) bipolar-complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (BiCMOS) technology-based integrated circuits (ICs) during the last two decades. Focus is set on various transceiver (TRX) realizations in the millimeter-wave range from 60 GHz and at terahertz (THz) frequencies above 300 GHz. This article discusses the development of SiGe technologies and ICs with the latter focusing on the commercially most important applications of radar and beyond 5G wireless communications. A variety of examples ranging from 77-GHz automotive radar to THz sensing as well as the beginnings of 60-GHz wireless communication up to THz chipsets for 100-Gb/s data transmission are recapitulated. This article closes with an outlook on emerging fields of research for future advancement of SiGe TRX performance.

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“…The scientific community has not devoted extensive attention to the thermal management of BFICs up to now. Among the works analyzed in this survey, only [24], [37], [44] report measurements of the proposed BFICs versus temperature. In [43], thermal simulations and measurements of the complete system (including multiple ICs and antenna elements) are presented.…”

Section: Current State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Design Framework for Beamforming Integrated Circuits Operating at Mm-Wave Frequencies

Theis¹,

Song²,

Federico³

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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In order to cope with the needs of fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks and beyond, phasedarray antenna systems operating at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies will be required. This makes the system design very complex. In order to create insight and agility in the design process, we propose a framework that visualises the requirements and trade-offs of 5G-and-beyond systems. Our literature survey uses this framework to compare state-of-the-art papers on Silicon-based beamforming integrated circuits (BFICs) operating in the mm-wave band. Three use-cases are analyzed: Base-stations (BSs), Gateways (GtWs) and User Terminals (UTs). Based on the framework, we explore which implementation fits best with each use-cases. In UT, space and power consumption are the main constraints. For BSs, the main constraint is in output power and noise figure (NF). Finally, in GtW applications there is more flexibility as it has a larger footprint than UT but doesn't necessarily need to cover the same link-budget constraints of BSs. One of the identified limitations throughout all the cases is the heat generation, which is seen as a major bottleneck in mm-wave phased arrays. Only a few of the references show proper modelling and simulations for heat transfer of the realized BFICs. Finally, a limitation in the BFICs is the output power. In order to realize a mm-wave link at least 13 dBm would be required at the input of each antenna element. Only few references meet this criterion, and only at saturation. Further, in order to achieve more than 13 dBm in back-off operation a higher power density would be required. This would imply a further increase of heat generation in the system.

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A 60-GHz 144-Element Phased-Array Transceiver for Backhaul Application

Cited by 92 publications

References 20 publications

Digital Predistortion of Phased-Array Transmitter With Shared Feedback and Far-Field Calibration

Digital Predistortion of Phased-Array Transmitter With Shared Feedback and Far-Field Calibration

Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Transceivers in SiGe BiCMOS Technologies

A Design Framework for Beamforming Integrated Circuits Operating at Mm-Wave Frequencies

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