Digital Predistortion of Phased-Array Transmitter With Shared Feedback and Far-Field Calibration

Tervo, Nuutti; Khan, Bilal; Kursu, Olli; Aikio, Janne; Jokinen, Markku; Leinonen, Marko E.; Juntti, Markku; Rahkonen, Timo; Pärssinen, Aarno

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2020.3038193

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…To address the possibility for different spatial distributions of distortion, 5GNR [7] specifies out-of-band distortion in terms of TRACPR that is integrated over the space. With array DPD, this has been considered, e.g., in [16], [18], and [23]. By using the polynomial approach presented in Section II-A, the total radiated linear power over the azimuth plane can be calculated as…”

Section: B Total Radiated Distortion and Array Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, for modeling of a gallium nitride (GaN) mmW PA used in the experiments of this article, we used a multidimensional LUT that is derived based on an extensive measurement campaign of a 28-GHz phased array TX [32]. The array is the same as used, e.g., in [18]. The measurements are performed for a single PA branch OTA in two stages by using a second TRX unit as a reference mixer similarly as in [33].…”

Section: A Experimental Bias-dependent Lut Pa Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The demonstration platform is a 16-chain phased array TRX operating at 26.5-29.5-GHz frequency range [18], [32], [39]. In this article, we use the array at a 28.1-GHz center frequency in the TX mode.…”

Section: A 28-ghz Phased Array Trxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 was derived for each of the transmit path. The paths are enabled one-by-one by using the time-division duplex (TDD) SWs similarly as in [18]. The complex-valued gain, i.e., S 21 , of each path with different V G values were measured by the reference DUT RX that dowconverted the signal back to the same IF frequency by the setup given in [33].…”

Section: Pa Bias Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DPD object contains single direction (see [3], [5], [12], [13]) or the object is generated simultaneously for multiple directions, as, e.g., in [2] and [4]. The detailed review of different feedback receiver (RX) options and array DPD approaches can be found from, e.g., [18].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined Sidelobe Reduction and Omnidirectional Linearization of Phased Array by Using Tapered Power Amplifier Biasing and Digital Predistortion

Tervo

Khan

Aikio

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Power amplifier (PA) efficiency and linearity are among the key drivers to reduce energy consumption while enabling high data rates in the fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave phased array transmitters. Analog per-branch phase and amplitude control is used to steer the beam, suppress the sidelobes, and form zeros to the desired spatial directions. The amplitude control of individual PA inputs makes nonlinearity vary from antenna to antenna, which challenges the common digital predistortion (DPD) used to linearize the array. In this article, we implement an amplitude control for beamforming by tuning the PA gate bias. Varying the output powers via PA biasing makes the nonlinear characteristics observed at the individual PA outputs similar that helps the array DPD to linearize also individual PAs. The technique is validated by both simulations and measurements. As a measurement platform, we use a 28-GHz phased array transceiver equipped with 64 antenna elements and 16 radio frequency chains. The desired beam shape is synthesized by controlling the per-antenna over-the-air-power with PA gate bias. Then, the system is linearized by training DPD with a reference antenna. The DPD is demonstrated with 100-MHz-wide 5G new radio modulated waveform. The best example case showed −23.5-dB maximum sidelobe level (SLL) with 4.9% error vector magnitude and −40.8-dB total radiated adjacent channel power ratio with DPD. The proposed approach enables simultaneous reduction of beam pattern SLL, achieves good linearity in all directions, and maintains the PA efficiency.

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Section: B Total Radiated Distortion and Array Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Experimental Bias-dependent Lut Pa Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A 28-ghz Phased Array Trxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pa Bias Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined Sidelobe Reduction and Omnidirectional Linearization of Phased Array by Using Tapered Power Amplifier Biasing and Digital Predistortion

Tervo

Khan

Aikio

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Ka-band stacked and pseudo-differential orthogonal load-modulated balanced power amplifier in 22 nm CMOS FDSOI

Rusanen,

Sethi,

Tervo

et al. 2023

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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This paper presents an integrated power amplifier (PA) following the orthogonal load-modulated balanced amplifier (OLMBA) topology. The fixed-phase prototype in this paper is implemented with 22 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) process. The proposed PA operates at 26 GHz frequency range, where it achieves 19.5 dBm output power, 16.6 dB gain, 15.7% power added efficiency, and 18.3 dBm output 1-dB compression point ( $P_{\rm 1\,dB}$ ). The PA is also tested with high dynamic range modulated signals, and it achieves, respectively, 11.4 dBm and 4.9 dBm average output power (Pavg) with 100 MHz and 400 MHz 64-QAM third-generation partnership project/new radio frequency range 2 signals, and 14 dBm Pavg with 0.6 Gb/s (120 MHz) single carrier 64-QAM signal, measured at 26 GHz and using −28 dBc adjacent channel leakage ratio and −21.9 dB (8%) error vector magnitude as threshold values. The proposed OLMBA is also compared to a stand-alone quadrature-balanced PA. Modulated measurements show that the stand-alone quadrature-balanced PA has better linearity in deep back-off, but the OLMBA has better efficiency.

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Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Haider

You

et al. 2022

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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The next-generation (5G/6G) wireless communication aims to leapfrog the currently occupied sub-6 GHz spectrum to the wideband millimeter-wave (MMW) spectrum. However, MMW spectrums with high-order modulation schemes drive the power amplifier (PA) at significant back-off, causing severe nonlinear distortions, thus deteriorating the transceiver's (TRXs) modulation process. Typically, the TRX efficacy is quantified with standardized linearization matrices, which take advantage of different predistortion (PD) schemes to handle deep compression of the PA. In this regard, TRX baseband signals are mostly linearized in the digital domain, where digitally controlled linearization needs higher sampling rates due to increasing MMW bandwidths to compensate for intermodulation (IMD) products, resulting in increased system cost and power consumption. Alternately, the digitally controlled analog-based linearization, i.e., the hybridization of digital predistortion (DPD) and analog predistortion (APD), is highly productive and cost-effective for fulfilling the linearized energy-efficient design vision of MMW networks. Therefore, this paper puts an extensive spotlight on the progress in PD-based linearization for 5G and beyond communications. It first provides background information on the advancements of PD schemes through recent surveys, then classifies the general roadmap of PD waveform processing across the TRX system models as preliminary. After this, we present three prominent PD architectures and their design approaches with intrinsic performance metrics. Finally, we explore four case studies encompassing PD operation under certain nonlinear constraints of different communication schemes. We examine the suitability of PD-based linearization solutions, both existing and proposed till the first quarter of 2022, and identify the potential prospects in this domain.

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Digital Predistortion of Phased-Array Transmitter With Shared Feedback and Far-Field Calibration

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Combined Sidelobe Reduction and Omnidirectional Linearization of Phased Array by Using Tapered Power Amplifier Biasing and Digital Predistortion

Combined Sidelobe Reduction and Omnidirectional Linearization of Phased Array by Using Tapered Power Amplifier Biasing and Digital Predistortion

Ka-band stacked and pseudo-differential orthogonal load-modulated balanced power amplifier in 22 nm CMOS FDSOI

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

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