A 30-day forearm work protocol increases maximal forearm blood flow

Sinoway, Lawrence I.; Shenberger, Jeffrey S.; Wilson, J.S.P.; McLaughlin, Daniel P.; Musch, Timothy I.; Zelis, Robert

doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.1063

Cited by 122 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…These observations are supported by similar findings in SCI individuals by Shenberger et al (43) and are in line with earlier studies showing an increased peak vasodilator response in the active arms of tennis players compared with controls (45) and an improved vasodilator capacity in the BA after 4 wk of handgrip training (3,46). The responsible mechanisms for this training-induced elevation in hyperemic response may again be related to functional as well as structural adaptations in the vascular system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Preserved flow-mediated dilation in the inactive legs of spinal cord-injured individuals

Groot¹,

Poelkens²,

Kooijman³

et al. 2004

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

105

116

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.-The aim of the study was to assess endothelial function, measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), in an inactive extremity (leg) and chronically active extremity (arm) within one subject. Eleven male spinal cord-injured (SCI) individuals and eleven male controls (C) were included. Echo Doppler measurements were performed to measure FMD responses after 10 and 5 min of arterial occlusion of the leg (superficial femoral artery, SFA) and the arm (brachial artery, BA), respectively. A nitroglycerine spray was administered to determine the endothelium independent vasodilatation in the SFA. In the SFA, relative changes in FMD were significantly enhanced in SCI compared with C (SCI: 14.1 Ϯ 1.3%; C: 9.2 Ϯ 2.3%), whereas no differences were found in the BA (SCI: 12.5 Ϯ 2.9%; C: 14.2 Ϯ 3.3%). Because the FMD response is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, the FMD response was also expressed relative to the shear rate. No differences between the groups were found for the FMD-to-shear rate ratio in the SFA (SCI:0.061 Ϯ 0.023%/s Ϫ1 ; C: 0.049 Ϯ 0.024%/s Ϫ1 ), whereas the FMD-to-shear rate ratio was significantly decreased in the BA of SCI individuals (SCI: 0.037 Ϯ 0.01%/s Ϫ1 ; C: 0.061 Ϯ 0.027%/s Ϫ1 ). The relative dilatory response to nitroglycerine did not differ between the groups. (SCI: 15.6 Ϯ 2.0%; C: 13.4 Ϯ 2.3%). In conclusion, our results indicate that SCI individuals have a preserved endothelial function in the inactive legs and possibly an attenuated endothelial function in the active arms compared with controls. vascular endothelial function; deconditioning; ultrasound THE ENDOTHELIUM plays an essential role in vascular homeostasis and is able to respond to physical and chemical stimuli by the synthesis and release of vasoactive, thromboregulatory, and growth factor substances (37). Impaired endothelial function has been suggested as a key early event in the development of atherosclerosis, and a high correlation between endothelial dysfunction and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and aging, has been reported (6 -8, 12, 29, 33, 47, 48). Besides the above-mentioned traditional risk factors, it is well known that physical inactivity is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (32). However, at present, the relationship between inactivity and endothelial dysfunction is not clear. In individuals with paraplegia, the part of the body below the lesion level is paralyzed and thus extremely inactive (20,39). In contrast, the upper limbs are often relatively active because the arms are used for ambulation due to their wheelchair-bound life-style (43). A spinal cord injury (SCI), therefore, offers a unique "human model of nature" to assess peripheral vascular adaptations to inactivity (legs) and activity (arms) on endothelial function within one subject.Healthy vessels are capable of accommodating to an increase in blood flow by dilating the internal vessel diameter, a phenomenon called fl...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Preserved flow-mediated dilation in the inactive legs of spinal cord-injured individuals

Groot¹,

Poelkens²,

Kooijman³

et al. 2004

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

105

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…So far, these results of our cross-sectional study have been supported by the findings of a single longitudinal study in this field. After a training period of 30 days, a significant increase in the maximal arterial volumetric blood flow was found in the forearm of untrained subjects who had performed daily arm exercises (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Size and blood flow of central and peripheral arteries in highly trained able-bodied and disabled athletes

Huonker

Schmid

Schmidt‐Trucksäss

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

108

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cross-sectional study, central and peripheral arteries were investigated noninvasively in high-performance athletes and in untrained subjects. The diastolic inner vessel diameter (D) of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the subclavian artery (Sub), and common femoral artery (Fem) were determined by duplex sonography in 18 able-bodied professional tennis players, 34 able-bodied elite road cyclist athletes, 26 athletes with paraplegia, 17 below-knee amputated athletes, and 30 able-bodied, untrained subjects. The vessel cross-sectional areas (CSA) were set in relation to body surface area (BSA), and the cross-section index (CS-index ϭ CSA/BSA) was calculated. Volumetric blood flow was determined in Sub and Fem via a pulsed-wave Doppler system and was set in relation to heart rate to calculate the stroke flow. A significantly increased D of Sub was found in the racket arm of able-bodied tennis players compared with the opposite arm (19%). Fem of able-bodied road cyclist athletes and of the intact limb in below-knee amputated athletes showed similar increases. D of Fem was lower in athletes with paraplegia (37%) and in below-knee amputated athletes proximal to the lesion (21%) compared with able-bodied, untrained subjects; CS-indexes were reduced 57 and 31%, respectively. Athletes with paraplegia demonstrated a larger D (19%) and a larger CS-index in Sub (54%) than able-bodied, untrained subjects. No significant differences in D and CS-indexes of the thoracic and abdominal aorta were found between any of the groups. The changes measured in Sub and Fem were associated with corresponding alterations in blood flow and stroke flow in all groups. The study suggests that the size and blood flow volume of the proximal limb arteries are adjusted to the metabolic needs of the corresponding extremity musculature and underscore the impact of exercise training or disuse on the structure and the function of the arterial system. tennis players; road cyclists; vascular remodeling; duplex sonography IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE ABLE-BODIED athletes, a 20-25% increase in the left ventricular diameter and a 70-80% increase in the left ventricular muscle mass compared with untrained subjects is considered the physiological limit (28) of left ventricular adaptation. Training-induced cardiac adaptations, the so-called athlete's heart, are not as profound in high-performance disabled athletes (8,17). Along with a reduced training energy expenditure, this can be attributed to the smaller skeletal muscle mass involved in exercise training.The changes in arterial vessels resulting from physical training were influenced similar to training-induced cardiac adaptations by the type, amount, and intensity of the muscular exertions (14). In animals that had undergone regular muscular exercise training, training-induced functional and dimensional adaptations of the coronary vascular system have been found (21, 35). Exercise-induced functional changes in vascular function have also been observed in humans. The present available data suggest that these vasc...

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“…26 In addition, a "vascular deconditioning" hypothesis suggests that abnormal vasodilatory capacity is related to disuse and that localized training of a specific limb may improve the vasodilatory response in HF. 27,28 …”

Section: Abnormalities In Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%