A 30.3 fA/√Hz Biosensing Current Front-End With 139 dB Cross-Scale Dynamic Range

The next generation of hybrid microfluidic/integrated circuit chips: recent and upcoming advances in high-speed, high-throughput, and multifunctional lab-on-IC systems

“…The conventional approach relies on using a detection probe conjugated to an enzyme that undergoes a redox reaction when the substrate is introduced, producing a small current (pA–nA) that can be detected by underlying circuitry. 128–131 The popularity of electrochemical sensing in CMOS stems from its low post-fabrication requirement and the maturity of current-sensing readout circuits; 132 however, since a substrate is needed for readout, the conventional technique is best suited to on-chip sandwich assays and is typically not amenable to real-time detection. One exception is the detection of electrochemically active target molecules.…”