A 1-Bit $10 \times 10$ Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna: Design, Optimization, and Experiment

Yang, Huanhuan; Yang, Fan; Xu, Shenheng; Mao, Yilin; Li, Maokun; Cao, Xiangyu; Gao, Jun

doi:10.1109/tap.2016.2550178

Cited by 285 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In order to obtain insight into the performance of the proposed NOMA scheme, in this section, we focus on the special case with N q = 2, |S 1 | = 1, and Rayleigh fading channels. Note that N q = 2 represents the case of one-bit resolution analog beamforming [8].…”

Section: A Implementation Of Finite Resolution Analog Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analog beamforming does not alter the amplitude of a signal, but modifies its phase only, which is different from digital beamforming. The finite resolution constraint on analog beamforming is due to the fact that the number of phase shifts supported by a practical circuit is finite [6], [8]. An example for onebit resolution analog beamforming is provided in Table I.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NOMA Meets Finite Resolution Analog Beamforming in Massive MIMO and Millimeter-Wave Networks

et al. 2017

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Abstract-Finite resolution analog beamforming (FRAB) has been recognized as an effective approach to reduce hardware costs in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and millimeter-wave networks. However, the use of FRAB means that the beamformers are not perfectly aligned with the users' channels and multiple users may be assigned similar or even identifical beamformers. This letter shows how non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can be used to exploit this feature of FRAB, where a single FRAB based beamformer is shared by multiple users. Both analytical and simulation results are provided to demonstrate the excellent performance achieved by this new NOMA transmission scheme.

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Section: A Implementation Of Finite Resolution Analog Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NOMA Meets Finite Resolution Analog Beamforming in Massive MIMO and Millimeter-Wave Networks

et al. 2017

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“…A pin diode (MACOM MADP‐000907‐14020) is connected between the square patch and a metallic via. A quarter‐wavelength microstrip line and an open‐ended radial stub are added to the digital particle to choke the radio frequency (RF) signal and increase the isolation between the DC and RF performance …”

Section: Programmable Metamaterials and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concepts, Working Principles, and Applications of Coding and Programmable Metamaterials

Liu

Cui

2017

Advanced Optical Materials

150

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wires [5] and split-ring resonators (SRRs), [6] respectively. In 2001, the first experimental observation of negative refraction was presented by combining the metal wire and SRR structures, [7] which have intrigued worldwide research interests among scientific and engineering communities and led to many exotic phenomena, such as inverse Doppler effect, [8] reversed Cherenkov radiation, [9] and perfect lens. [10] At the early time of metamaterials, most researches are focused on the realization of double-negative materials using various metallic structures. [1,3,4,7,9] These doublenegative materials suffer from serious insertion loss due to the lossy nature near the resonant frequency, which had long hindered their applications from the microwave to visible light spectra. Later, researchers noticed that the permittivity and permeability of an artificial material can be arbitrarily designed from negative value to positive value by selecting the nonresonant frequencies or adopting nonresonant structures. This extends the constituent parameters of metamaterials from negative ranges to the entire μ-ε space, and changed the way people study and design metamaterials. Owing to its lower loss and much easier experimental implementation, these generalized metamaterials have brought a series of new physical phenomena and interesting devices, including invisibility cloaks, [11][12][13] illusion optics devices, [14][15][16] EM black hole, [17] metamaterial lens antenna, [18] and super-resolution imaging. [19] Before the emergence of metasurfaces, metamaterials were commonly designed in the 3D form with spatially varied refractive index, in which light passing through different optical paths experience different phase delays, leading to the desired wavefronts of the outgoing waves. Obviously, such metamaterials with isotropic, anisotropic, and even tensor-form constituent parameters pose great challenges for fabrications, especially at higher frequencies where micro-and nano-3D fabrication techniques are far from maturing. [20,21] In addition, the bulky sizes and heavy weights of 3D metamaterials have become major obstacle for applications in compact devices. To overcome the above disadvantages, 3D metamaterials have been degraded into 2D forms, in which the direction of wave propagation is squeezed down to almost zero thickness, leading to the wellknown metasurfaces or metafilms. [22] As metasurfaces can be treated as an infinitely thin sheet with certain effective electric As a digital version of metamaterials, coding and programmable metamaterials have experienced rapid development since they were initially proposed in 2014. Unlike conventional metamaterials that are characterized by the sophisticated effective medium theory, coding metamaterials are described in a much simpler manner with binary codes, which builds up a bridge between the physical world and the digital world. In this article, the development of coding and programmable metamaterials in the past three years is reviewed, focusing primarily on the basic conce...

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“…To overcome this limitation, a programmable space-domain digital coding metasurface [15,16] that adopts active elements (e.g. varactors and PIN diodes) to construct dynamic coding elements was proposed to facilitate a variety of attractive applications, such as polarization converters [17], reprogrammable holographic imaging [18], and reconfigurable antennas [19,20] by programming different coding sequences using a field-programmable gate array. Even though a programmable space-domain digital coding metasurface can provide rich and varied functions, it is still limited to a linear and time-invariant system depending on static phase distribution for regulating co-frequency waves, which cannot be used to generate and control nonlinear effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convolution operations on time-domain digital coding metasurface for beam manipulations of harmonics

et al. 2020

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Time-domain digital coding metasurfaces have been proposed recently to achieve efficient frequency conversion and harmonic control simultaneously; they show considerable potential for a broad range of electromagnetic applications such as wireless communications. However, achieving flexible and continuous harmonic wavefront control remains an urgent problem. To address this problem, we present Fourier operations on a timedomain digital coding metasurface and propose a principle of nonlinear scattering-pattern shift using a convolution theorem that facilitates the steering of scattering patterns of harmonics to arbitrarily predesigned directions. Introducing a time-delay gradient into a time-domain digital coding metasurface allows us to successfully deviate anomalous single-beam scattering in any direction, and thus, the corresponding formula for the calculation of the scattering angle can be derived. We expect this work to pave the way for controlling energy radiations of harmonics by combining a nonlinear convolution theorem with a time-domain digital coding metasurface, thereby achieving more efficient control of electromagnetic waves.

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A 1-Bit $10 \times 10$ Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna: Design, Optimization, and Experiment

Cited by 285 publications

References 31 publications

NOMA Meets Finite Resolution Analog Beamforming in Massive MIMO and Millimeter-Wave Networks

NOMA Meets Finite Resolution Analog Beamforming in Massive MIMO and Millimeter-Wave Networks

Concepts, Working Principles, and Applications of Coding and Programmable Metamaterials

Convolution operations on time-domain digital coding metasurface for beam manipulations of harmonics

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