A 1.25 μJ per Measurement Ultrasound Rangefinder System in 65 nm CMOS for Explorations With a Swarm of Sensor Nodes

Abstract

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Fabrication and DC-Bias Manipulation Frequency Characteristics of AlN-Based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer

“…An ultrasound imaging system can provide real-time, high-resolution images, and it is a more affordable medical imaging solution than magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Ultrasonic imaging has also been widely used in other areas of research beyond medical applications, including rangefinders [ 3 , 4 ], fingerprint sensing [ 5 , 6 ], fluid density sensing [ 7 , 8 ], communication links [ 9 ], underwater 3D imaging [ 10 , 11 ], nondestructive testing [ 12 ], and wireless power supply for implantable microdevices [ 13 ]. As one of the typical ultrasonic imaging devices, piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasound transducers (PMUTs) are particularly attractive due to their affordability, compact size, and compatibility with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing processes [ 5 , 7 ].…”

A Survey on Analog-to-Digital Converter Integrated Circuits for Miniaturized High Resolution Ultrasonic Imaging System

“…The integrated circuits (ICs) and external devices responsible for signal reception and data conversion have great influence on the comprehensive performance of the UIS. Without compromising imaging quality, the IC with small area, low power consumption, and high precision has become the mainstream trend [23][24][25][26][27]. A typical UIS receiving chain, as shown in Figure 1, includes analog front-end (AFE), which preprocesses the analog echo signal, and the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which digitalizes the echo signal for further processing by the digital signal processing (DSP) or microcontroller unit (MCU) [28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

High Accuracy Ultrasound Micro-Distance Measurements with PMUTs under Liquid Operation

“…ToF is proportional to the difference in frequency between the transmitted and the received signals [ 7 , 8 ]. To avoid multipath reflections, it is usual to shorten the continuous wave generating a Chirp signal, where the transmission frequency changes as a function of time, and the transmission time is limited to a pulse with a T sweep duration [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Chirp modulation and FMCW methods both achieve the same range accuracy, but the use of chirp signals allows to discriminate multi-target echoes.…”

“…Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 11 continuous wave generating a Chirp signal, where the transmission frequency changes as a function of time, and the transmission time is limited to a pulse with a Tsweep duration [9][10][11]. Chirp modulation and FMCW methods both achieve the same range accuracy, but the use of chirp signals allows to discriminate multi-target echoes.…”