Adolescents exhibit behavioral differences from adults during instrumental learning and extinction.

Sturman, David A.; Mandell, Daniel R.; Moghaddam, Bita

doi:10.1037/a0018463

Cited by 62 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Adolescents and adults are differentially sensitive to motivational factors, such as food restriction, as adolescents exhibited more perseverative responding during extinction compared to adults when food deprived (Sturman, Mandell, & Moghaddam, 2010). Newman and McGaughy (2011) food restricted rats to 90% free-feeding weight of aged-matched controls, whereas those in the present study were fed ad libitum ~20 h/day and experienced no weight loss compared to rats fed ad libitum 24 h/day.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

“…Despite evidence for a peri/post-pubertal peak in reward consumption (Friemel et al, 2010;Marshall et al, 2017), motivation (Friemel et al, 2010), and cocaine self-administration in males (Wong, Ford, Pagels, McCutcheon, & Marinelli, 2013), several studies measuring instrumental responding for non-drug reinforcers report either comparable responding (Sturman & Moghaddam, 2011;Kim, Simon, Wood, & Moghaddam, 2016;Naneix, Marchand, Di Scala, Pape, & Coutureau, 2012) or decreased responding in adolescents compared to adults (present study; Andrzejewski et al, 2011;Sturman et al, 2010;Hankosky et al, 2017). One factor that could contribute to the apparent discrepancies between reward consumption and instrumental responding is whether the measure accounts for differences in body weight.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 39%

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Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Westbrook¹,

Hankosky²,

Dwyer³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Compared to adults, adolescent behavior is often characterized by reduced behavioral flexibility, increased sensitivity to reward, and increased likelihood to take risks. These traits, which have been hypothesized to confer heightened vulnerability to psychopathologies such as substance use disorders (SUDs), have been the focus of studies in laboratory animal models that seek to understand their neural underpinnings. However, rodent studies to date have typically used only males and have adopted standard methodological practices (e.g., weight loss inducing food restriction) that are likely to have a disparate impact on adolescents compared to adults.Here, we used adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to study instrumental behavior tasks that assess behavioral flexibility (strategy shifting and reversal learning; Exp. 1), sensitivity to reward value (outcome devaluation; Exp. 2), and risky decision making (probability discounting; Exp. 3). In Exp. 1, we found that adolescents were faster to acquire reversal learning than adults but there were no differences in strategy shifting. In Exps. 2 and 3, adolescents and adults were equally sensitive to changes in reward value and exhibited similar reductions in preference for a large reward when reinforcement probability was decreased.However, adolescents responded more efficiently and earned reinforcers at a higher rate than their same-sex, adult counterparts. Together, these findings provide only limited support for the existence of an "adolescent-typical" phenotype in Sprague-Dawley rats and instead suggest that age differences in the expression of these behaviors may depend on conditions such as pubertal status and motivational state.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 39%

Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Westbrook¹,

Hankosky²,

Dwyer³

et al. 2017

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lifestage and gender (intrinsic) influences upon food reward represent a developing line of research, which is consistent with other ongoing research documenting age and gender influences on neuroendocrine and behavioral parameters (69–71). It has long been known that younger animals and humans have a greater preference for sweet taste relative to adults (72–74).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Modulation of Food Reward by Endocrine and Environmental Factors

Figlewicz

2015

Psychosomatic Medicine

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OBJECTIVE-Palatable foods are frequently high in energy density. Chronic consumption of high energy density foods can contribute to the development of cardiometabolic pathology including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This paper reviews the the contributions of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence the reward components of food intake.METHODS-A narrative review was conducted to determine the behavioral and central nervous system -related processes involved in the reward components of high energy density food intake. RESULTS-The rewarding aspects of food, particularly palatable and preferred foods, are regulated by central nervous system circuitry. Overlaying this regulation is modulation by intrinsic endocrine systems and metabolic hormones relating to energy homeostasis, and developmental stage or gender. It is now recognized that extrinsic or environmental factors including ambient diet composition, and the provocation of stress or anxiety, also contribute substantially to the expression of food reward behaviors such as motivation for, and seeking of, preferred foods.CONCLUSIONS-High energy density food intake is influenced by both physiological and pathophysiological processes. Contextual, behavioral and psychological factors and central nervous system-related processes represent potential targets for multiple types of therapeutic intervention.

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“…For example, Sturman et al (2010) observed impaired operant extinction in adolescents compared to adults; however, further exploration showed these deficits existed only under conditions of food restriction. The authors concluded that motivational factors were largely responsible for the age-related differences, rather than impulsivity or behavioral inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ontogeny of learned inhibition

Meyer

Bucci

2014

Learn. Mem.

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Previous studies have examined the maturation of learning and memory abilities during early stages of development. By comparison, much less is known about the ontogeny of learning and memory during later stages of development, including adolescence. In Experiment 1, we tested the ability of adolescent and adult rats to learn a Pavlovian negative occasion setting task. This procedure involves learning to inhibit a behavioral response when signaled by a cue in the environment. During reinforced trials, a target stimulus (a tone) was presented and immediately followed by a food reward. On nonreinforced trials, a feature stimulus (a light) was presented 5 sec prior to the tone and indicated the absence of reward following presentation of the tone. Both adult and adolescent rats learned to discriminate between two different trial types and withhold responding when the light preceded the tone. However, adolescent rats required more sessions than adults to discriminate between reinforced and nonreinforced trials. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that adolescents could learn the task rules but were specifically impaired in expressing that learning in the form of withholding behavior on nonreinforced trials. In Experiment 3, we found that adolescents were also impaired in learning a different version of the task in which the light and tone were presented simultaneously during the nonreinforced trials. These findings add to existing literature by indicating that impairments in inhibitory behavior during adolescence do not reflect an inability to learn to inhibit a response, but instead reflect a specific deficit in expressing that learning.

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Adolescents exhibit behavioral differences from adults during instrumental learning and extinction.

Cited by 62 publications

References 79 publications

Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Modulation of Food Reward by Endocrine and Environmental Factors

The ontogeny of learned inhibition

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