Untitled

Abstract

A total of 44, 40, 47, 51, and 58 barley samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992 crops, respectively, from farms located in an area of southwest Germany. The sum of precipitation from May to September was high in 1987 and markedly lower in 1989-1992. Deoxynivalenol, 3-. and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and diacetxyscirpenol were determined by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC-MS), zearalenone,alpha- and beta-zearalenol by GC-MS or by HPLC. Deoxynivalenol was the major toxin with incidences at 71-98% and mean contents at 42-400 microg/kg. In contrast, incidences of zearalenone, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin were at 7-68, 7-48, 11-41, 0-9, and 2-29%, respectively; with mean contents at 3-146 microg/kg. alpha- and beta-zearalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol were not detected in any sample. 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and fusarenon-X were assayed in samples from 1987, 1991 and 1992. 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was detected in 30, 0 and 2% of samples, respectively, with an average content of positive samples at 8 and 4 microg/kg, fusarenon-X was not detected. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased. The correlation between the occurrence of toxins and level of precipitation is discussed.

Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and determination of trichothecenes in maize

“…Moreover it should be noted that, in samples contaminated with DON, the other three toxins were commonly found. These analytical data are in good agreement with those found in other countries 7,28,29. Besides DON, appreciable amounts of the monoacetates were detected in highly contaminated samples.…”

Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy

“…T-2 toxin levels recorded in this study were similar to those detected through the years in barley in other countries, such as Germany [56], Spain [57], Norway [58], Lithuania [59], Poland [60] and Czech Republic [51]. However, even if T-2 toxin is receiving a particular attention in the malting barley chain, the contamination levels of this toxin generally decrease during the brewing process [51,61].…”

Fate of Mycotoxins during Beer Brewing and Fermentation

“…Many studies have been conducted on mycotoxin contamination of commercial beer and its raw materials. Trichothecenes, OTA, and ZON have been frequently detected in barley, [2][3][4][5] which is the main raw material of beer, and AFB 1 and FMB 1 contamination has also been reported. 5) PAT has been recognized as a potential contaminant of malt made from barley.…”