Untitled

Electrochemically Fabricated Alloys and Semiconductors Containing Indium

“…It is known that the factors that determine the possibility of joint electrochemical deposition of two or more elements at a certain ratio in an alloy are the following: the equilibrium potentials of the metals and nonmetallic compounds, their polarizations during the discharge of the corresponding ions at the cathode from a given electrolyte, the concentration ratio of metal ions and nonmetallic anions being deposited in the electrolyte, their ability to form complex compounds, the presence of surfactants in the electrolyte, overvoltage of the hydrogen evolution during deposition of the alloy, the electrolysis conditions (temperature, current density, pH of the solution, deposition time, stirring), etc. 36) In this work, we review electrochemically fabricated alloys and semiconductors that contain indium in an aqueous solution, with a particular focus on the conditions under which alloys are electrodeposited and on the factors that can affect the composition or properties of alloys. Our aim is to assist in the discovery of ways to use this relatively rare element efficiently.…”

Modern electrochemical processes and technologies in ionic melts

“…The effect revealed was used to develop new processes for the separation of nonferrous alloys [32][33][34]. The essence of these processes is that the alloys to be separated are dissolved in bismuth, from which the desired component is then extracted selectively under anodic polarization.…”

“…Alloying with bismuth makes it possible to increase the difference in ionization potential between lead and silver. Electrolysis is carried out in two stages [32,34]. In the first stage, lead is extracted from the ternary alloy, silver being concentrated by transfer from the larger volume of lead alloy into the smaller volume of bismuth alloy.…”

“…The effect revealed was used [38] to develop a process for gallium purification by filtration method. It is known [39] that the gallium purification technology involves the operation of filtering off mechanical impurities, which is generally carried out by a vacuum technique.…”

“…-a high mass exchange rate through effecting chemical and electrochemical transformations in the liquid phase (the operating temperature range is 210 to 1000 o C) and the possibility to use high current densities (up to 1×10 4 Am -2 ) and compounds in lower oxidation states; -high metal extraction selectivity and purification quality through the possibility to effect metal transfer both from anode to cathode and in the opposite direction (Table 1), to use bipolar electrodes [19][20][21]23] and special materials, for example, modified β-alumina [23,24,34]; -low specific consumption of electric energy and reagents through the possibility to effect mass exchange between the electrodes at very small electrode spacings (of the order of 0.5-1.0 mm) [5][6][7][8][9]. Analysis of the capabilities of known electrochemical technologies [1,3, has shown electrode micro-spacing electrochemical processes in molten electrolytes, or socalled thin-layer electrolysis [7,9], to be most suitable for the solution of the above problems.…”