“…Consistent with IPCC emission factors, a number of previous studies have found that residue removal decreases N 2 O emissions (Abalos, Sanz-Cobena, Garcia-Torres, Groenigen, & Vallejo, 2013;Jin et al, 2014;Mutegi, Munkholm, Petersen, Hansen, & Petersen, 2010;Yao et al, 2013). However, studies have also shown N 2 O emissions can either increase or remain unchanged with crop residue removal (Congreves, Brown, Németh, Dunfield, & Wagner-Riddle, 2017;Hao, Chang, Carefoot, Janzen, & Ellert, 2001;Lehman & Osborne, 2016;Yao et al, 2013). Increased N 2 O emissions may be due to larger soil temperature fluctuations or changes in moisture/ aeration conditions compared to the practice of incorporating crop residues.…”