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Sokhna, Cheikh; Hesran, Jean-Yves Le; Mbaye, Pape A; Akiana, Jean; Camara, Pape; Diop, Mouhamadou; Ly, Abdoulaye; Druilhe, Pierre

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-3-43

Cited by 143 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In one of the most studied co-infections, schistosomiasis seems to modulate malaria but studies have yielded conflicting results. In some, 65–67 malaria prevalence, anaemia, and pathological effects are higher in children with schistosomiasis than in children without schistosomiasis, whereas antimalarial immune responses are diminished. However, other studies report no, or even a protective effect of schistosome infection on malaria, accompanied by increased immune responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The particular schistosome species involved could have an important effect—perhaps S haematobium promotes protective responses whereas S mansoni increases susceptibility to malaria. 65,69 This difference could be a result of whether malaria sporozoites pass through a liver micro-environment immunologically affected by S mansoni egg granulomas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human schistosomiasis

et al. 2014

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Human schistosomiasis—or bilharzia—is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. By conservative estimates, at least 230 million people worldwide are infected with Schistosoma spp. Adult schistosome worms colonise human blood vessels for years, successfully evading the immune system while excreting hundreds to thousands of eggs daily, which must either leave the body in excreta or become trapped in nearby tissues. Trapped eggs induce a distinct immune-mediated granulomatous response that causes local and systemic pathological effects ranging from anaemia, growth stunting, impaired cognition, and decreased physical fitness, to organ-specific effects such as severe hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, and urogenital inflammation and scarring. At present, preventive public health measures in endemic regions consist of treatment once every 1 or 2 years with the isoquinolinone drug, praziquantel, to suppress morbidity. In some locations, elimination of transmission is now the goal; however, more sensitive diagnostics are needed in both the field and clinics, and integrated environmental and health-care management will be needed to ensure elimination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human schistosomiasis

et al. 2014

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“…Moreover, recent studies highlighted the impact of polyparasitism on the hosts' immunity and showed that polyparasitism is associated with higher mortality rates and may increase the susceptibility to other infections relative to infection with a single parasite [19]–[21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Intestinal Polyparasitism among Orang Asli School Children in Rural Malaysia

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThis cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the current prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal polyparasitism (the concurrent infection with multiple intestinal parasite species) among Orang Asli school children in the Lipis district of Pahang state, Malaysia.Methods/Principal findingsFecal samples were collected from 498 school children (50.6% boys and 49.4% girls), and examined by using direct smear, formalin-ether sedimentation, trichrome stain, modified Ziehl Neelsen stain, Kato-Katz, and Harada Mori techniques. Demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and personal hygiene information were collected by using a pre-tested questionnaire. Overall, 98.4% of the children were found to be infected by at least one parasite species. Of these, 71.4% had polyparasitism. The overall prevalence of Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. infections were 95.6%, 47.8%, 28.3%, 28.3%, 14.1% and 5.2%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that using an unsafe water supply as a source for drinking water, presence of other family members infected with intestinal parasitic infections (IPI), not washing vegetables before consumption, absence of a toilet in the house, not wearing shoes when outside, not cutting nails periodically, and not washing hands before eating were significant risk factors associated with intestinal polyparasitism among these children.Conclusions/SignificanceIntestinal polyparasitism is highly prevalent among children in the peninsular Malaysian Aboriginal communities. Hence, effective and sustainable control measures, including school-based periodic chemotherapy, providing adequate health education focused on good personal hygiene practices and proper sanitation, as well as safe drinking water supply should be implemented to reduce the prevalence and consequences of these infections in this population.

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“…Results in human studies have also been conflicting. Some studies have shown that helminth infections protect against malaria-associated morbidity (12-17), while others indicate that coinfections enhance clinical malaria (18)(19)(20)(21)(22) or have no influence on malaria outcome (23,24). A number of factors can contribute to differing results, such as parasite exposure (large single or repeated smaller infections), age, the duration of prior infections, and the methods of data collection and analysis (25).…”

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Protective Effect of Chronic Schistosomiasis in Baboons Coinfected with Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium knowlesi

et al. 2016

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c Malaria and schistosomiasis coinfections are common, and chronic schistosomiasis has been implicated in affecting the severity of acute malaria. However, whether it enhances or attenuates malaria has been controversial due the lack of appropriately controlled human studies and relevant animal models. To examine this interaction, we conducted a randomized controlled study using the baboon (Papio anubis) to analyze the effect of chronic schistosomiasis on severe malaria. Two groups of baboons (n ‫؍‬ 8 each) and a schistosomiasis control group (n ‫؍‬ 3) were infected with 500 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. At 14 and 15 weeks postinfection, one group was given praziquantel to treat schistosomiasis infection. Four weeks later, the two groups plus a new malaria control group (n ‫؍‬ 8) were intravenously inoculated with 10 5 Plasmodium knowlesi parasites and monitored daily for development of severe malaria. A total of 81% of baboons exposed to chronic S. mansoni infection with or without praziquantel treatment survived malaria, compared to only 25% of animals infected with P. knowlesi only (P ‫؍‬ 0.01). Schistosome-infected animals also had significantly lower parasite burdens (P ‫؍‬ 0.004) than the baboons in the P. knowlesi-only group and were protected from severe anemia. Coinfection was associated with increased spontaneous production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting an enhanced innate immune response, whereas animals infected with P. knowlesi alone failed to develop mitogen-driven tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-10, indicating the inability to generate adequate protective and balancing immunoregulatory responses. These results indicate that chronic S. mansoni attenuates the severity of P. knowlesi coinfection in baboons by mechanisms that may enhance innate immunity to malaria. P olyparasitism is common in low-resource countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Coinfections may alter disease outcomes and affect both drug and vaccine efficacies (1, 2). The majority of studies on coinfections have focused on interactions between malaria and chronic helminth infections. Interest in studying malaria and schistosomiasis, in particular, comes from the major overlap of the two diseases in areas where they are endemic and the fact that these infections account for a large proportion of global morbidity and mortality (3, 4). Because of the chronicity of schistosome infection, most studies have focused on its impact on susceptibility to clinical malaria.Studies on malaria and schistosomiasis coinfections in human and animal models have generated contradicting results. Although some animal studies have shown that chronic schistosomiasis protects against severe malaria (5), others have reported that a concurrent schistosome infection enhances the severity of malaria (6-10). Many factors may account for these differences, including mouse strain, duration and intensity of the helminth infection, Plasmodium strain or species, inoculum size, or route of malaria infection (skin or blood stage) (11). An important limitat...

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Cited by 143 publications

References 9 publications

Human schistosomiasis

Human schistosomiasis

Epidemiology of Intestinal Polyparasitism among Orang Asli School Children in Rural Malaysia

Protective Effect of Chronic Schistosomiasis in Baboons Coinfected with Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium knowlesi

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