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Abstract

The effects of suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals on freshwater and marine prosobranch species were analysed in laboratory experiments. In this first publication, the responses of the freshwater snail Marisa cornuarietis and of the marine prosobranch Nucella lapillus to the xeno-estrogenic model compounds bisphenol A (BPA) and octylphenol (OP) are presented at nominal concentration ranges between 1 and 100 micrograms/L. Marisa was exposed during 5 months using adult specimens and in a complete life-cycle test for 12 months. In both experiments, the xeno-estrogens induced a complex syndrome of alterations in female Marisa referred to as "superfemales" at the lowest concentrations. Affected specimens were characterised by the formation of additional female organs, an enlargement of the accessory pallial sex glands, gross malformations of the pallial oviduct section resulting in an increased female mortality, and a massive stimulation of oocyte and spawning mass production. The effects of BPA and OP were comparable at the same nominal concentrations. An exposure to OP resulted in inverted U-type concentration response relationships for egg and spawning mass production. Adult Nucella from the field were tested for three months in the laboratory. As in Marisa, superfemales with enlarged accessory pallial sex glands and an enhancement of oocyte production were observed. No oviduct malformations were found probably due to species differences in the gross anatomical structure of the pallial oviduct. A lower percentage of exposed specimens had ripe sperm stored in their vesicula seminalis and additionally male Nucella exhibited a reduced length of penis and prostate gland when compared to the control. Because statistically significant effects were observed at the lowest nominal test concentrations (1 microgram BPA or OP/L), it can be assumed that even lower concentrations may have a negative impact on the snails. The results show that prosobranchs are sensitive to endocrine disruption at environmentally relevant concentrations and that especially M. cornuarietis is a promising candidate for a future organismic invertebrate model to identify endocrine-mimetic test compounds.

Contaminantes emergentes em matrizes aquáticas do Brasil: cenário atual e aspectos analíticos, ecotoxicológicos e regulatórios

“…108 Com relação aos ftalatos, Singh e Li reportaram vinte doenças associadas à exposição a três principais compostos (DnOP, BBP e DEHP), incluindo disfunções no sistema endócrino, genital e uroló-gico, complicações no fígado e doenças cardiovasculares. 139 Outros estudos mostraram que a exposição de diferentes organismos frente aos interferentes endócrinos levaram à ocorrência de efeitos como a feminização de peixes, [140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149] alterações no desenvolvimento de moluscos e anfíbios, [150][151][152][153][154] disfunções no metabolismo da testosterona em Daphnias 155,156 e o desenvolvimento anormal de órgãos em diferentes organismos aquáticos. 19,146,149,150,157,158 Na Índia, após observarem o declínio de cerca de 95% da quantidade de uma espécie de urubus (Oriental white-backed vulture) na década de 90, Oaks e colaboradores apresentaram fortes evidencias de que as doenças renais que afetaram os animais foram decorrentes da ingestão de resíduos de diclofenaco presentes nas carcaças de búfalos e cabras tratados com o fármaco.…”

A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife

“…In contrast, there has been considerably more research investigating the effects of BPA in molluscs, where most has been focused on gastropods and bivalves. Oehlmann et al (2000) have reported that exposure of ramshorn snails (Marisa cornuarietis) to BPA induced a superfeminization syndrome at all nominal concentrations tested (1, 5, 25, 100 mg BPA l egg production outside the main spawning season and increased female mortality (13.3-15.7% in exposed snails compared with control mortality of 3.8%). Effects were concentration dependent (except for mortality) and statistically significant at every test concentration.…”

Micropollutants in three tributaries of Lake Constance, Argen, Schussen and Seefelder Aach: a literature review

“…[179] Pimephales promelas Schlupfrate 16 Hahn et al [180] Chironomus riparius Vitellogenin 1 Pascoe et al [181] Hydra vulgaris Polypenhabitus 42 Segner et al [162] Danio rerio Vitellogenin 375 Segner et al [162] Hydra vulgaris Regeneration 1 Segner et al [162] Gammarus pulex Paarbildung 830 Segner et al [162] Chironomus riparius Häutung 1000 Van der Hoeven [182] Marisa cornuarietis Eiablage 2,1 (EC10) Oehlmann et al [183] Marisa cornuarietis Super-Weibchen (endokrine Wirkung) 0,0079 0,0139 (EC 10 ) Nucella lapillus Forbes et al [184] Marisa cornuarietis Reproduktion 640 Wachstum Weibchen 640 Wachstum Männchen 1 Bromdichlormethan Toussaint et al [185] Oryzias latipes Histopathologie (Leber) 1424 Nonylphenol Schwaiger et al [186] Cyprinus carpio Blutparameter 1-5 5-10 Histopathologie Leber, Niere 15 Hahn et al [180] Chironomus riparius Dotterprotein 1,9 Schwaiger et al [187] Oncorhynchus mykiss Vitellogenin 1 Schlupfrate 10 Seki et al [188] Oryzias latipes Geschlechtsdiff erenzierung 11,6 Vitellogenin Lahnsteiner et al [189] Oncorhynchus mykiss Spermatogenese 0,13 Ei-Entwicklung 0,28 Lee & Choi [190] Chironomus riparius div. Biomarker 1 (Stressproteine, DNA-Schäden) Schubert et al [191] Salmo trutta Vitellogenin 0,111 Octylphenol Jobling et al [192] Oncorhynchus mykiss Vitellogenin 4,8 Oehlmann et al [178] Marisa cornuarietis Nucella lapillus Super-Weibchen 1 (endokrine Wirkung) Andersen et al [193] Acartia tonsa (Copepoda) Larvalentwicklung 13 Seki et al [188] Oryzias latipes Geschlechtsdiff erenzierung 11,4 Vitellogenin Karels et al [194] Cyprinodon variegatus Vitellogenin 11,5 Bjerregaard et al [173] Salmo trutta …”