“…Among these phase transformations, A ↔ M and R ↔ M transformations are characterized by large lattice distortions and large transformation hysteresis, while A ↔ R is characterized by small lattice distortion and a small temperature hysteresis [4,5]. The transformation behaviors are quite sensitive to annealing following cold working [6,7], aging treatment in Nirich Ti-Ni alloys [8,9] and the addition of third element [10,11]. The addition of V can decrease the transformation temperature of Ti-Ni alloy, and Ti-50.8Ni-0.5V alloy is a typical Ti-Ni-V SMA [12].…”