817-Year-old walls offset sinistrally 2.1 m by the Dead Sea transform, Israel

Marco, Shmuel; Agnon, Amotz; Ellenblum, Ronnie; Eidelman, Amir; Basson, Uri; Boas, Adrian J.

doi:10.1016/s0264-3707(96)00041-5

Cited by 85 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Many cases of displaced archaeological remains have been reported in the available literature throughout the world (e.g., Stiros 1988;Marco et al 1997Marco et al , 2003Noller and Lightfoot 1997;Galli and Galadini 2001 and references therein). This deformation process involved buildings, fortified walls, canals and other kinds of manufacts.…”

Section: Displacement Along Shear Planesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeoseismology: Methodological issues and procedure

2006

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Archaeoseismic research contributes important data on past earthquakes. A limitation of the usefulness of archaeoseismology is due to the lack of continuous discussion about the methodology. The methodological issues are particularly important because archaeoseismological investigations of past earthquakes make use of a large variety of methods. Typical in situ investigations include: (1) reconstruction of the local archaeological stratigraphy aimed at defining the correct position and chronology of a destruction layer, presumably related to an earthquake; (2) analysis of the deformations potentially due to seismic shaking or secondary earthquake effects, detectable on walls; (3) analysis of the depositional characteristics of the collapsed material; (4) investigations of the local geology and geomorphology to define possible natural cause(s) of the destruction; (5) investigations of the local factors affecting the ground motion amplifications; and (6) estimation of the dynamic excitation, which affected the site under investigation. Subsequently, a 'territorial' approach testing evidence of synchronous destruction in a certain region may delineate the extent of the area struck by the earthquake. The most reliable results of an archaeoseismological investigation are obtained by application of modern geoarchaeological practice (archaeological stratigraphy plus geological-geomorphological data), with the addition of a geophysicalengineering quantitative approach and (if available) historical information. This gives a basic dataset necessary to perform quantitative analyses which, in turn, corroborate the archaeoseismic hypothesis. Since archaeoseismological investigations can reveal the possible natural causes of destruction at a site, they contribute to the wider field of environmental archaeology, that seeks to define the history of the relationship between humans and the environment. Finally, through the improvement of the knowledge on the past seismicity, these studies can contribute to the regional estimation of seismic hazard.

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Section: Displacement Along Shear Planesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeoseismology: Methodological issues and procedure

2006

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“…Most of the works reporting earthquake damage at archaeological sites are mainly related to ancient populated areas in the Eastern Mediterranean region such as Greece and Italy (Stiros, 1988(Stiros, , 1996Stiros and Papageourgiu, 2001;Guidoboni et al, 1994,), Israel (Karcz and Kafri, 1978;Marco et al, 1997), Turkey (Hancock and Altunel, 1997;Altunel et al, 2003;Similox-Tohon et al, 2002), and Syria (Meghraoui, 2002). In contrast, ancient earthquake evidence lacks for the western Mediterranean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeoseismic record at the ancient Roman City of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, south Spain)

et al. 2005

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This study represents the first paleoseismic approach in Spain in which archaeological remains are considered. The ancient Roman city of Baelo Claudia (1st-4th centuries AD), located at the axial zone of the Gibraltar Strait (Cadiz, south Spain), contains abundant disrupted architectural relics and ground collapses (i.e. landsliding, liquefacion) probably related to historic earthquake damage of intensity IX-X MSK. The archaeological stratigraphy of the city evidence two major episodes of abrupt city destruction bracketed in AD 40-60 and AD 350-395 separated by an intervening horizon of demolition for city rebuilding, otherwise characteristic for many earthquake-damaged archaeological sites in the Mediterranean. The second episode led the eventual city abandonment, and it is evidenced by good examples of column collapse, distortion, failure and breakdown of house and city walls, and pavement warping and disruptions documented during different archaeological excavations, which can be catalogued as secondary coseismic effects. Main damaged relicts observable today are the set of pop-up like arrays and warping developed in the ancient Roman pavement. Their analysis indicate an anomalous westwards ground displacement oblique to the main gentle southward slope of the topography, as also evidence failures, collapses and breakdown of walls and columns, suggesting that stress acted in a broad SW-NE/WSW-ENE orientation consistent whit the expectable motion along the largest NE-SW strike-slip faults of the zone, which in turn can be catalogued as seismic sources of moderate events (ca. 5 mb). Major disruptions and city abandonment were hesitantly related to relatively far strong earthquakes occurred during the late 4th century AD in the Mediterranean or western coast of Iberia by Menanteau et al. [Menanteau, L., Vanney, J.R., Zazo, C., 1983. Belo II : Belo et son environment (Detroit de Gibraltar), Etude physique d'un site antique. Pub. Casa de Velazquez, Serie Archeologie 4., Ed. Broccard, París.]. However, this study indicates that the occurrence of close moderate earthquakes jointly with the unstable character of the ground at the zone (site effect) is a more reliable hypothesis to explain the observed deformations. D

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“…The strongest earthquake that occurred in this part of the Jordan Valley after A.D. 1106 was in A.D. 1202, with an estimated magnitude of 6.5 -7.1 (Marco et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Ohalo II prehistoric camp (19.5 Ky): New evidence for environmental and tectonic changes at the Sea of Galilee

Belitzky

Nadel

2002

Geoarchaeology

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Combined archaeological data, shore surveys, and aerial photos of submerged sediments in the Sea of Galilee provide new insights into environmental and tectonic events, their dating, and their impact on the Ohalo II prehistoric camp (ca. 19,500 yr B.P.) and its surroundings. The Ohalo II waterlogged campsite contains excellently preserved brush hut remains and other in situ features, all embedded in late Pleistocene lacustrine strata. The findings indicate relatively short occupation of the site, not more than months or several years at a time. The high quality in situ preservation of delicate organic materials, as well as the short occupation period, suggests a quick and gentle burial by fine sediments. The evident fast submergence (water level rise of the Sea of Galilee) could have been the result of climatic fluctuations towards the end of the last glaciation and/or small-scale tectonic subsidence. The site is located on a tectonic block formed in the western fault belt of the Dead Sea Rift. We present new evidence of post-occupational folding of the late Pleistocene strata and recent tilting and faulting. A westward tectonic tilt may have caused the blockage of the old Jordan River outlet after A. D. 1106. Excellent preservation of the fault traces to the east of the site is attributed to the young age of the displacement on the fault. The last displacement apparently postdates the blockage of the old Jordan River. ᭧

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817-Year-old walls offset sinistrally 2.1 m by the Dead Sea transform, Israel

Cited by 85 publications

References 20 publications

Archaeoseismology: Methodological issues and procedure

Archaeoseismology: Methodological issues and procedure

Archaeoseismic record at the ancient Roman City of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, south Spain)

The Ohalo II prehistoric camp (19.5 Ky): New evidence for environmental and tectonic changes at the Sea of Galilee

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