75 Years of Change in Survey Technology

Rüeger, J. M.

doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.300.459

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Pomembni so prikazi tehnološkega razvoja tahimetrov posameznih proizvajalcev, na primer Spectra Precision (Cheves, 1999), Leica Geosystems (Tuno et al, 2010) in Zeiss (Tuno, Mulahusić in Kogoj, 2012). Razvoj tahimetrov je obdelan tudi v delih, ki na splošno obravnavajo vse geodetske instrumente (Rüeger, 2006) ali vse instrumente posameznih proizvajalcev (Smith, 1999). Grobe opise razvoja tahimetrov brez podrobnosti so predstavili Ferreira, Capnor in Ferbrita (2011) in Lemmens (2016), veliko popolnejši pregled je napisal Courbon (2007).…”

Section: Uvodunclassified

“…Naslednje leto je Zeiss Oberkochen pričel proizvodnjo tahimetra Elta 2 (Courbon, 2007). Poleg vgradnje mikroprocesorja in mikroračunalnika je napredek viden predvsem v bistveno manjših dimenzijah in masi tahimetrov ter v veliko boljšem sistemu avtomatske registracije (Rüeger, 2006). Podatki se niso več shranjevali na papirne trakove, uporabljeni so bili mediji za digitalno shranjevanje -kaseta z magnetnim trakom, prenosna spominska enota in zunanji elektronski registrator (Benčić in Solarić, 2008).…”

Section: Elektronski Tahimetri Druge Generacije (1977-1990)unclassified

“…Tako so imeli vsi glavni proizvajalci geodetske opreme -Wild, Zeiss Oberkochen, Zeiss Jena, Geotronics, Topcon, Sokkisha in Nikon -do leta 1985 v ponudbi integrirane elektronske tahimetre. Že leta 1983 je bilo na trgu dostopnih enajst različnih modelov takšnih instrumentov (Rüeger, 2006). Instrumenti so bili še vedno dragi (preračunano na današnje vrednosti je bila leta 1985 cena povprečnega elektronskega tahimetra od 30.000 do 40.000 EUR), opazen pa je bil trend padanja cen (Courbon, 2007).…”

Section: Elektronski Tahimetri Druge Generacije (1977-1990)unclassified

“…Naslednja faza v razvoju robotiziranih tahimetrov je bila vgradnja sistema za hitro iskanje ciljne točke -tarče. V primerjavi z dotedanjimi sistemi, pri katerih je moral operater pred samodejnim postopkom grobega viziranja ročno, z daljinskim upravljalnikom, vizuro približno usmeriti proti tarči, imajo novi sistemi (dostopni od leta 1997) popolnoma avtomatiziran sistem iskanja tarče (Rüeger, 2006).…”

Section: Elektronski Tahimetri Tretje Generacije (1990-2005)unclassified

“…Doseg merjenja dolžin brez reflektorja je bil 200 m, z reflektorjem pa kar 8000 m (Tuno, Mulahusić in Kogoj, 2012). Z impulznimi razdaljemeri z možnostjo merjenja brez reflektorja so bili nekaj let kasneje opremljeni tudi tahimetri proizvajalcev Topcon, Trimble in Nikon (Rüeger, 2006). Ti razdaljemeri so hitro napredovali na področju dosega, tako so se na primer s tahimetrom Topcon GPT 1002 iz leta 1998 merile dolžine brez reflektorja do 100 m, Topcon GPT 3000W iz leta 2004 je imel doseg 250 m, Topcon GPT-3000LW iz leta 2005 pa kar 1200 m (Topcon, 2018c).…”

Section: Elektronski Tahimetri Tretje Generacije (1990-2005)unclassified

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Five generations of integrated electronic tachymeters

Tuno¹,

Mulahusić²,

Savšek³

et al. 2019

geod. vestn.

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Five decades have passed since the introduction of the first integrated electronic tachymeter. Many innovative technologies in the construction of them have appeared since then. Compared to the early models, which only measured and stored direct measurements, tachymeters have become more sophisticated by means of incorporating internal microprocessor and software packages, reflector-less distance-measuring capabilities, robotic functions, image assistance, and other features, and have become multi-sensor systems. The modern tachymeter is a universal measuring platform that adapts, with its great flexibility, to the application in various terrestrial surveying tasks. To better understand tachymeters and their specific characteristics, capabilities, and development, it is necessary to group them by generations. The authors of this paper have recognized five tachymeter generations with the purpose of marking the main technological advances in the historical development of these instruments.Mineva petdeset let od pojava prvega integriranega elektronskega tahimetra. V polstoletnem razvoju elektronskih tahimetrov so se pojavile številne konstrukcijske izboljšave in inovativne tehnološke rešitve. Od zgodnjih modelov, ki so omogočali »le« elektronsko merjenje in shranjevanje merskih vrednosti, so tahimetri z uporabo internih mikroprocesorjev, možnostjo merjenja dolžin brez reflektorjev, robotizacijo, slikovno podporo idr. postali kompleksni multisenzorski sistemi. Sodobni tahimeter je univerzalna merska platforma, ki s svojo široko prilagodljivostjo omogoča izvedbo najrazličnejših nalog terestrične geodezije. Za boljše razumevanje posebnosti in zmogljivosti tahimetrov jih je treba sistematično razvrstiti v razvojne generacije. Avtorji članka so prepoznali pet generacij tahimetrov, na podlagi katerih so želeli opredeliti glavne tehnološke dosežke v zgodovinskem razvoju teh instrumentov.

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Section: Uvodunclassified

Section: Elektronski Tahimetri Druge Generacije (1977-1990)unclassified

Section: Elektronski Tahimetri Tretje Generacije (1990-2005)unclassified

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Five generations of integrated electronic tachymeters

Tuno¹,

Mulahusić²,

Savšek³

et al. 2019

geod. vestn.

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On accuracy specifications of electronic distance meter

Shih

2013

Survey Review

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Suppression of Systematic Errors of Electronic Distance Meters for Measurement of Short Distances

Braun¹,

Štroner²,

Urban³

et al. 2015

Sensors

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In modern industrial geodesy, high demands are placed on the final accuracy, with expectations currently falling below 1 mm. The measurement methodology and surveying instruments used have to be adjusted to meet these stringent requirements, especially the total stations as the most often used instruments. A standard deviation of the measured distance is the accuracy parameter, commonly between 1 and 2 mm. This parameter is often discussed in conjunction with the determination of the real accuracy of measurements at very short distances (5–50 m) because it is generally known that this accuracy cannot be increased by simply repeating the measurement because a considerable part of the error is systematic. This article describes the detailed testing of electronic distance meters to determine the absolute size of their systematic errors, their stability over time, their repeatability and the real accuracy of their distance measurement. Twenty instruments (total stations) have been tested, and more than 60,000 distances in total were measured to determine the accuracy and precision parameters of the distance meters. Based on the experiments’ results, calibration procedures were designed, including a special correction function for each instrument, whose usage reduces the standard deviation of the measurement of distance by at least 50%.

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75 Years of Change in Survey Technology

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Five generations of integrated electronic tachymeters

Five generations of integrated electronic tachymeters

On accuracy specifications of electronic distance meter

Suppression of Systematic Errors of Electronic Distance Meters for Measurement of Short Distances

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