“…EUS-guided FNA has been reported to be a safe and effective approach for evaluation of lymph nodes and masses in the posterior mediastinum. [10][11][12][13] Tissue diagnosis from these lesions has been difficult to obtain by conventional methods such as mediastinoscopy, which is an invasive and tedious procedure, or percutaneous CT-guided puncture, which has a low yield and increased risk, especially in the case of smaller lesions. 14 The objectives of this article are twofold: to discuss the clinical utility of EUS and EUS-guided FNA biopsy for evaluating the mediastinum in benign and malignant disease processes including the detection of posterior mediastinal lymph node metastases in patients with NSCLC and to describe the technique for performing safe EUS-guided FNA biopsy in the mediastinum.…”