7.35 Development of Contact Lenses from a Biomaterial Point of View: Materials, Manufacture, and Clinical Application

Efron, Nathan; Maldonado‐Codina, Carole

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100691-7.00058-6

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…So far, a couple of oxygen-permeable hydrogel silicone materials have been commercially available with oxygen transmissibility per thickness ( Dk / t ) in the range of 65–175 × 10 −9 . These lenses may account for about 30% of all global soft contact lenses (Efron and Maldonado-Codina 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in protein absorption on ophthalmic lenses by PEGDA bulk modification of silicone acrylate-based formulation

et al. 2019

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The absorption of protein and formation of biofilms on the surface of ophthalmic lenses is one of the factors that destroy their useful performance by causing severe visual impairment, inflammation, dryness and ultimate eye discomfort. Therefore, eye lenses need to be resilient to protein absorption, which is one of the opacity factors in minimizing protein absorption on the lenses. The purpose of this study was to investigate and reduce sediment biotransformation on the surface of the semi-hardened lens based on acrylate by bulk-free radical polymerization method. In this respect, the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with two different molecular weights of 200 and 600 g/mol on the surface roughness, protein absorption, and hydrophilicity of the lenses were studied. The surface hardness of the lenses, on shore D scale, was measured using a durometer hardness test. The presence of higher molecular weight of PEGDA hydrophilic polymeric monomers reduced the hardness of the lenses. The effect of introducing PEGDA, with two molecular weights, into lens fabrication formulations was studied with respect to their water content parameters and hydrophilicity. The presence of a crosslinker such as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates, at two different molecular weights, increased the water content and hydrophilicity of the produced lenses. Surface roughness is associated with the formation of bio-film and accumulation of microorganisms on the surface. Due to the roughness of the lens surface developed in this research, the lenses containing PEGDA 600 exhibited less roughness compared to that of PEGDA 200, which could also affect the absorption of protein. Therefore, according to the results of protein absorption test, the PEGDA 600 lenses showed lower protein absorption, which could be due to their high degree of water absorption and hydrophilicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in protein absorption on ophthalmic lenses by PEGDA bulk modification of silicone acrylate-based formulation

et al. 2019

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“…Studies have reported considerable protein build-up on contact lens surfaces [46]. This indicates that the fragmented contact lens could act as a vector for organic contaminants and microorganisms.…”

Section: Hazardous Effect: Transfer Of Pollutants To the Human Body I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary Analysis for Undetectable Microplastics from Contact Lenses to Aquatic Environments via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Lee

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Although microplastics (MPs) are intrinsically toxic and function as vectors for organic micropollutants, their discharge from wastewater treatment plant effluents and human activity remains unknown owing to the limitations of detection and treatment technologies. It is imperative to quantify MPs from human activities involving the consumption of various plastic products. This study warns that contact lenses can generate MPs and nanoplastics (NPs) after being discharged into aquatic environments. Identification via micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the fragmented particles (from a few tens to a few hundred micrometres) could not be detected as poly(2-hydroxyl methacrylate), the component of contact lenses, owing to changes in its chemical properties. After the degradation process, the median size of the contact lens particles decreased from 313 to 85 µm. Approximately 300,600 g of contact lens waste is discharged into sewage systems daily in the United States of America (USA), where 45 million people wear contact lenses and throw away one-fifth of them every day. Contact lens waste (1 g) has the potential to release 5653.3–17,773.3 particles of MPs. This implies that the currently reported MP amounts in the environmental matrix exclude significant amounts of MPs and NPs from discharged contact lenses. The identification method should be examined, and a registration of the disposal process should be established.

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“…Contact lenses are generally manufactured via spin-casting, molding, and lathe machining process. − Spin-casting and molding are simple processes, where molds are required, and the anterior and posterior surfaces of the contact lens are formed in one step. In the molding process, the molds exhibit two surfaces that define the anterior and posterior surfaces; whereas in the spin-casting method, the anterior surface comes from the mold surface, and the posterior surface is generated by spinning the liquid monomer resin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Contact Lenses

Alam

Elsherif

AlQattan

et al. 2021

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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Although the manufacturing processes of contact lenses are well established, the use of additive manufacturing for their fabrication opens many new possibilities to explore. The current study demonstrates the fabrication of personalized smart contract lenses utilizing additive manufacturing. The study includes 3-dimensional (3D) modeling of contact lenses with the assistance of a computer aided designing tool based on standard commercial contact lens dimension, followed by the selection of the suitable materials and 3D printing of contact lenses. The 3D printing parameters were optimized to achieve the desired lens geometries, and a post processing treatment was performed to achieve a smooth surface finish. The study also presents functionalized contact lenses with built-in sensing abilities by utilizing microchannels at the contact lens edges. Tinted contact lenses were printed and nanopatterns were textured onto the contact lens surfaces through holographic laser ablation. 3D printed contact lenses have advantages over conventional contact lenses, offering customized ophthalmic devices and the capability to integrate with optical sensors for diagnostics.

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7.35 Development of Contact Lenses from a Biomaterial Point of View: Materials, Manufacture, and Clinical Application

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Reduction in protein absorption on ophthalmic lenses by PEGDA bulk modification of silicone acrylate-based formulation

Reduction in protein absorption on ophthalmic lenses by PEGDA bulk modification of silicone acrylate-based formulation

Complementary Analysis for Undetectable Microplastics from Contact Lenses to Aquatic Environments via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

3D Printed Contact Lenses

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