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Das, Bijan; Roy, Rabindra N.; Pitzer, Kenneth S.; Gregory, Darin R.; Kiefer, Stephanie A.

doi:10.1023/a:1005154501655

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This process has four functions: reducing the volume of the leaching solution, recycling the HCl solution, reducing the consumption of SOCl 2 in the subsequent dehydrating process, and avoiding the hydrolysis of gallium chloride hydrates. As we know, gallium chloride hydrates undergo hydrolysis under pH > 2. , Leaving some acid solution on top of the hydrates would stop gallium chloride hydrates from hydrolyzing. In the dehydrating process, SOCl 2 reacts with water in both the hydrates and HCl solution according to equations S7–S9 (Supporting Information).…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Approach for Recycling of Spent CIGS Targets by Combining Electrochemical Techniques with Dehydration and Distillation

Dodbiba

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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This study proposes an innovative approach to separate and recover copper, indium, gallium, and selenium (CIGS) from spent CIGS targets, which combines electrochemical techniques with dehydration and distillation. The leaching solution of the CIGS first underwent a two-step electrodeposition process to recover selenium and copper. Then, the remaining solution was distilled to recycle HCl and crystallize indium and gallium chlorides. Next, the as-obtained hydrates were dehydrated by refluxing thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ). Afterward, anhydrous InCl 3 was recovered and separated from GaCl 3 by a simple filtration, and the latter was separated from SOCl 2 by distillation. The recovery of indium was ca. 99.99% with a purity of ca. 99.99%, while ca. 99.98% of gallium was recovered with a purity of ca. 99.99%. Both the recovery and purity are the highest to the best of our knowledge. The separation process was rationally designed to take full advantage of the potential difference of all the elements and the property of the dehydrating agent. This is an environmentally benign, economical, and practical method to recycle spent CIGS efficiently.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Approach for Recycling of Spent CIGS Targets by Combining Electrochemical Techniques with Dehydration and Distillation

Dodbiba

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Ga(OH)Cl2 or Ga(OH)2Cl) are the dominant species at lower HCl concentrations resulting from the strong propensity for GaCl3 to hydrolyse at low acid concentrations; the degree of which can be calculated. [112][113][114] Tetrachlorogallate(lll) anions, [GaCl4] -, are reported to be extracted via solvent extraction with a proton with TOPO at high acid concentrations. However, in order to unveil the underlying extraction mechanism in the case of TOPO = 0.67 TOPO:malonic acid both the content of water in the organic phase and whether or not HCl is exchanged with the carboxylic acid of the extractant following pre-equilibration should be followed in the future.…”

Section: Test Application: Liquid-liquid Gallium Extraction From Aqueous Acidic Chloride Feedstock Using Topo:malonic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophobic functional liquids based on trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and carboxylic acids

Byrne

O'Donnell

Gilmore

et al. 2020

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…Moreover, these equations can be used in iterative calculations since the ion interaction parameters are expressed as explicit functions of ionic strength and need very few parameters to estimate properties of both single and mixed electrolytes. The Pitzer model finds extensive application for the correlation and prediction of thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Many publications (5,(16)(17)(18) have shown that this model results in excellent predictions of thermodynamic quantities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5. Although for a long time attention has been paid to the application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach in aqueous electrolyte solutions (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), such studies in nonaqueous or in mixed solvent media are still scarce (19,20), and the theory is not as developed as in the case of aqueous systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of electrolytes in mixed solvent media Application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach

Das¹

2005

Can. J. Chem.

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Although for a long time considerable attention has been paid to the application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach to describe the thermodynamic properties of a variety of aqueous electrolyte solutions, such studies in mixed solvent media are still scarce. The present paper discusses the application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach in the case of electrolyte solutions in mixed solvent media. In particular, a comprehensive equation for the thermodynamic properties of hydrochloric acid in dioxane-water mixtures within the temperature range 273.15 to 323.15 K has been generated in the ion interaction (Pitzer) equation form on the basis of electrochemical cell measurements of the hydrochloric acid available in the literature. It was necessary to set varying values of the exponential coefficients α 1 and α 2 of the standard Pitzer model in different mixed solvent media to achieve a satisfactory fit. The present model quantitatively reproduces the experimental cell electromotive forces over the entire concentration and temperature range used for the experiments. The Pitzer ion interaction approach is, thus, proved to be a very valuable method for the correlation and prediction of thermodynamic properties of electrolytes in mixed solvent media. The implications of the Pitzer ion interaction parameters (β (0) , β (1) β (2) , and C φ ) have also been discussed in terms of interionic forces. The present study also stresses the need for additional emf measurements to help interpolation through the dioxane composition.

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Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Promising Approach for Recycling of Spent CIGS Targets by Combining Electrochemical Techniques with Dehydration and Distillation

Promising Approach for Recycling of Spent CIGS Targets by Combining Electrochemical Techniques with Dehydration and Distillation

Hydrophobic functional liquids based on trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and carboxylic acids

Thermodynamics of electrolytes in mixed solvent media Application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach

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Untitled

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Promising Approach for Recycling of Spent CIGS Targets by Combining Electrochemical Techniques with Dehydration and Distillation

Promising Approach for Recycling of Spent CIGS Targets by Combining Electrochemical Techniques with Dehydration and Distillation

Hydrophobic functional liquids based on trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and carboxylic acids

Thermodynamics of electrolytes in mixed solvent media  Application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach

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Thermodynamics of electrolytes in mixed solvent media Application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach