620 Cramping Studies in 2600 Endurance Athletes

Kantorowski, P. G.; Hiller, W. D. B.; Garrett, William E.; Douglas, P. S.; Smith, Richard T.; O’Toole, Mary L.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199004000-00619

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In humans, EAMC occurs more frequently at the end of competitions and physical work 32,38,41 and when the muscle contracts while it is already shortened. 51 Stretching, the primary treatment for acute EAMC, 56 is thought to relieve EAMC via autogenic inhibition.…”

Section: Theories For the Cause Of Eamcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps

Miller

Stone²,

Huxel

et al. 2010

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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Context:Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) are a common condition experienced by recreational and competitive athletes. Despite their commonality and prevalence, their cause remains unknown. Theories for the cause of EAMC are primarily based on anecdotal and observational studies rather than sound experimental evidence. Without a clear cause, treatments and prevention strategies for EAMC are often unsuccessful.Evidence Acquisition:A search of Medline (EBSCO), SPORTDiscus, and Silverplatter (CINHAL) was undertaken for journal articles written in English between the years 1955 and 2008. Additional references were collected by a careful analysis of the citations of others’ research and textbooks.Results:Dehydration/electrolyte and neuromuscular causes are the most widely discussed theories for the cause of EAMC; however, strong experimental evidence for either theory is lacking.Conclusions:EAMC are likely due to several factors coalescing to cause EAMC. The variety of treatments and prevention strategies for EAMC are evidence of the uncertainty in their cause. Acute EAMC treatment should focus on moderate static stretching of the affected muscle followed by a proper medical history to determine any predisposing conditions that may have triggered the onset of EAMC. Based on physical findings, prevention programs should be implemented to include fluid and electrolyte balance strategies and/or neuromuscular training.

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Section: Theories For the Cause Of Eamcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps

Miller

Stone²,

Huxel

et al. 2010

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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show abstract

“…Exercise-associated muscle cramping has a reported lifetime prevalence of 26%, 30% to 50%, and 67% in physical education students, 2 marathon runners, 3 and triathletes, 4 respectively. 1 It is a common medical condition among participants of endurance events such as ultra-marathons and triathlons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collagen Genes and Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramping

O’Connell

Posthumus

Schwellnus

et al. 2013

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine

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“…EAMC can impair athletic performance,2 and symptoms can last up to 8 h postactivity 3. EAMC typically occur in multijoint muscles and are common 4 5. Despite their prevalence, EAMC cause remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%