6. Digestive and excretory systems

Barbehenn, Raymond V.; Kristensen, Niels P.

doi:10.1515/9783110893724.165

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The development of the midgut follows the patterns reported elsewhere [27]. Very early in the development, we still see the large larval midgut, but the size is quickly reduced, and the midgut moved backwards to reach its final position, size and general morphology by day 7.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…From day 7 (and discounting the anomalous result on day 14), the volume of the segmented gut increases again, in part as it lengthens, and then by day 13 as the meconium and Malpighian tubules can be differentiated, and are included in the gut volume measurement. The backwards displacement and strong reduction in size of the adult midgut compared with the larva are both apomorphies for higher Lepidoptera [27]. At day 10, the midgut has a convolute surface; the two anterior lobes are followed by around 10 roughly bilaterally symmetrical wrinkles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35–53]). The reason why only midgut development can be observed is likely that this section is comparatively thick-walled with large cells active in digestion compared with the thin-walled, cuticle-lined fore- and hindguts [27]. These results make it clear that the majority of morphological change happens before day 7—with more frequent scans, micro-CT could serve as a powerful tool for pinpointing exactly when in the development these major changes occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metamorphosis revealed: time-lapse three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis

Lowe

Garwood

Bradley

et al. 2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Studies of model insects have greatly increased our understanding of animal development. Yet, they are limited in scope to this small pool of model species: a small number of representatives for a hyperdiverse group with highly varied developmental processes. One factor behind this narrow scope is the challenging nature of traditional methods of study, such as histology and dissection, which can preclude quantitative analysis and do not allow the development of a single individual to be followed. Here, we use high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) to overcome these issues, and three-dimensionally image numerous lepidopteran pupae throughout their development. The resulting models are presented in the electronic supplementary material, as are figures and videos, documenting a single individual throughout development. They provide new insight and details of lepidopteran metamorphosis, and allow the measurement of tracheal and gut volume. Furthermore, this study demonstrates early and rapid development of the tracheae, which become visible in scans just 12 h after pupation. This suggests that there is less remodelling of the tracheal system than previously expected, and is methodologically important because the tracheal system is an often-understudied character system in development. In the future, this form of time-lapse CT-scanning could allow faster and more detailed developmental studies on a wider range of taxa than is presently possible.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metamorphosis revealed: time-lapse three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis

Lowe

Garwood

Bradley

et al. 2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…Therefore, A. floridensis must have a mechanism to draw air into and out of the foregut. We speculate that A. floridensis employs musculature that in other caterpillars is used in the contexts of feeding and regurgitation, although the exact mechanisms for these behaviours are not well understood for any larval Lepidoptera to the best of our knowledge (Miles and Booker, 1994;Barbehenn and Kristensen, 2003). One possibility is that the oesophageal dilator muscles (see Fig.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Sound Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vocalization in caterpillars: a novel sound-producing mechanism for insects

Rosi-Denadai

Scallion

Merrett

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Insects have evolved a great diversity of sound-producing mechanisms largely attributable to their hardened exoskeleton, which can be rubbed, vibrated or tapped against different substrates to produce acoustic signals. However, sound production by forced air, while common in vertebrates, is poorly understood in insects. We report on a caterpillar that 'vocalizes' by forcing air into and out of its gut. When disturbed, larvae of the Nessus sphinx hawkmoth (Sphingidae: ) produce sound trains comprising a stereotyped pattern of long (370 ms) followed by multiple short-duration (23 ms) units. Sounds are emitted from the oral cavity, as confirmed by close-up videos and comparing sound amplitudes at different body regions. Numerical models using measurements of the caterpillar foregut were constructed to test hypotheses explaining sound production. We propose that sound is generated by ring vortices created as air flows through the orifice between two foregut chambers (crop and oesophagus), a mechanism analogous to a whistling kettle. As air flows past the orifice, certain sound frequencies are amplified by a Helmholtz resonator effect of the oesophagus chamber. Long sound units occur during inflation, while short sound units occur during deflation. Several other insects have been reported to produce sounds by forced air, but the aeroacoustic mechanisms of such sounds remain elusive. Our results provide evidence for this mechanism by showing that caterpillars employ mechanisms similar to rocket engines to produce sounds.

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“…2A), formed by an invagination of the pharynx into the oesophagus, divides the second from the third section of the stomodaeum. This valve is here designated as the pharyngeal valve, as both ‘oesophageal valve’ and ‘stomodaeal valve’ have been used for the valve dividing the stomodaeum from the mesenteron (also called ‘valvula cardiaca’; Barbehenn and Kristensen 2003) and ‘oesophageal valve’ has been applied as well to a valve dividing oesophagus and crop in the larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) (Noctuidae: Mathur 1973; sub Prodenia ). The proximal part of the oesophagus bears lightly sclerotized spines directed posteriorly (Figs 2A and 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval head anatomy ofHeterogynis penella(Zygaenoidea, Heterogynidae), and a general discussion of caterpillar head structure (Insecta, Lepidoptera)

Vegliante¹

2005

Acta Zoologica

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 AbstractVegliante, F. 2005. Larval head anatomy of Heterogynis penella (Zygaenoidea, Heterogynidae), and a general discussion of caterpillar head structure (Insecta, Lepidoptera). -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 86 : The internal head anatomy (and the peculiar integumental structure of the epicranial notch region) of Heterogynis penella larvae are described; special attention is paid to the skeleto-muscular and nervous systems and to the cephalic glands. Transverse ligaments connect the apodemes of the mandibular adductor muscles of both sides and the anterior maxillo-labial articulations of both sides. The two ligaments are linked to each other by a thin, apparently acellular membrane. An accessory, trilobed mandibular gland is present. A putative stretch receptor, connecting the oblique dorsal cibarial dilators of both sides, is described for the first time in a lepidopterous larva and its importance in assessing the homology of these muscles is discussed. The presence of cibarial sensilla, previously predicted in other caterpillars on the basis of behavioural experiments and observations of the nerve pattern, is confirmed. The structural diversity of larval head anatomy in ditrysian Lepidoptera is discussed, with particular emphasis on the innervation of the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata and of the sensilla of the head capsule.

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6. Digestive and excretory systems

Cited by 12 publications

References 68 publications

Metamorphosis revealed: time-lapse three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis

Metamorphosis revealed: time-lapse three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis

Vocalization in caterpillars: a novel sound-producing mechanism for insects

Larval head anatomy ofHeterogynis penella(Zygaenoidea, Heterogynidae), and a general discussion of caterpillar head structure (Insecta, Lepidoptera)

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