5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications in Factory Automation Leveraging Licensed and Unlicensed Bands

A Classification of the Enabling Techniques for Low Latency and Reliable Communications in 5G and Beyond: AI-Enabled Edge Caching

“…Also, useful mechanisms such as multicasting, data replication, control channel design, and proactive packet drop can guarantee high reliability [45]. Reliability can also be achieved through the use of unlicensed and licensed spectrum coordination mechanisms [49], [50]. The techniques for URLLC include multi-connectivity, network coding, mMIMO with mmW communications, sTTI, network slicing, grant-free access and NOMA, edge computing, and caching [1], [2], [7], [15], [19], [21], [42], [45]- [48].…”

Availability-Reliability-Stability Trade-Offs in Ultra-Reliable Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radio IoT Networks

“…Furthermore, three error correcting techniques have been studied, and compared in terms of energy consumption, latency, and reliability. An URLLC for factory automation (FA) via combination of unlicensed and licensed bands has been addressed in [19]. To ensure reliable transmissions, a coexistence management scheme with the cellular network as an incumbent network has been devised.…”

“…The frame structure-called transmission time interval (TTI) in 5G communications-should be revised, so that it encompasses several sensing sub-phases, each for sensing a single sub-channel. The remaining part of the frame, should be allocated to the transmission phase, which must include several resource blocks (RBs) [19], [83]- [85]. Both ARQ and diversity transmission strategies can be applied to achieve the target reliability.…”

“…If the IoT node false-alarms and waits for the next frame, it consumes w energy levels of the battery, and should gain m − l + tr energy levels to move to the state with the target battery energy level of L n+1 = m. Note that the case when the IoT node does not false-alarm the channel should not be considered in this transition, since data is still transmitted in such scenario. 19 Noting that the state of the channel and the battery energy level are independent, then (j,m)…”

Random-Access NOMA in URLL Energy-Harvesting IoT Networks With Short Packet and Diversity Transmissions

“…Energy-harvesting (EH) techniques have also been proposed to scavenge environmental energy, and thus prolong the lifetime of wireless devices and systems [11], [12]. On the other hand, ultra-reliable and low-latency (URLL) transmissions are considered to be the main features that distinguish 5G from previous generations [13], [14], and serve as foundations for many 5G and IoT applications, such as tactile Internet, factory automation, Industrial IoT (IIoT), and those under the Industry 4.0 paradigm [15]- [18]. To achieve URLL communication, several techniques can be adopted, such as diversity transmission, which can be used to enhance transmission reliability by sending multiple replicas of a data packet.…”