5G planar branch line coupler design based on the analysis of dielectric constant, loss tangent and quality factor at high frequency

Shukor, Nor Azimah Mohd; Seman, Norhudah

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72444-2

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…In general, the quality factor is the ratio of the primary energy stored in the resonator to the energy lost in one radian of a oscillation cycle. For analyzing the proposed BLC in (Shukor and Seman, 2020;Chen, et al, 2013) the Q-factor due to the dielectric, Q d is expressed as the following Equation:…”

Section: S T T S T T Even Oddmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review on Microstrip Couplers

Rezaei

Yahya²,

Noori³

2023

ARO

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In this work, several types of microstrip couplers are investigated in terms of structure, performance and design methods. These planar 4-ports passive devices transmit a signal through two different channels. Designers' competition has always been in miniaturizing and improving performance of couplers. Some couplers have been offered with a novel structure, which is a special feature. A high-performance coupler should have high isolation and low losses at both channels. The channels are usually overlapped so that the common port return loss in these channels should be low. Among the couplers, those with balanced amplitude and phase are more popular. The popular mathematical analysis methods are even/odd mode analysis, extracting the information from the ABCD matrix and analyzing the equivalent LC circuit of a simple resonator. According to the phase shift value, couplers are classified as 90º and correct multiples of 90º, where a microstrip 0º coupler can be used as a power divider. Some couplers have filtering and harmonic elimination features that are superior to other couplers. However, few designers paid attention to suppressing the harmonics. If the operating frequency is set in according to the type of application, the coupler becomes particularly valuable.ABCD Matrix

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Section: S T T S T T Even Oddmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fractional bandwidth of amplitude can be calculated using the upper and lower cutoff frequencies S 21 and S 31 . A BLC is designed in (Shukor and Seman, 2020) based on analyzing the substrate. This coupler works at 26 GHz which makes it suitable for fifth-generation (5G) applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Microstrip Couplers

Rezaei

Yahya²,

Noori³

2023

ARO

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“…A lower loss tangent is needed to maintain low dielectric loss and low dielectric absorption. The loss tangent, tan δ, measures the signal loss as the signal propagates through the transmission line, expressed in (1) [20]. These two parameters, ε r and tan δ, are directly related to the Q-factor, due to the dielectric, Q D , which can be expressed as (2).…”

Section: Strip Line and Via-hole Parameter Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz

Jizat

Yusoff

Marzuki³

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Fifth generation (5G) technology aims to provide high peak data rates, increased bandwidth, and supports a 1 millisecond roundtrip latency at millimeter wave (mmWave). However, higher frequency bands in mmWave comes with challenges including poor propagation characteristics and lossy structure. The beamforming Butler matrix (BM) is an alternative design intended to overcome these limitations by controlling the phase and amplitude of the signal, which reduces the path loss and penetration losses. At the mmWave, the wavelength becomes smaller, and the BM planar structure is intricate and faces issues of insertion losses and size due to the complexity. To address these issues, a dual-layer substrate is connected through the via, and the hybrids are arranged side by side. The dual-layer structure circumvents the crossover elements, while the strip line, hybrids, and via-hole are carefully designed on each BM element. The internal design of BM features a compact size and low-profile structure, with dimensions of 23.26 mm × 28.92 mm (2.17 λ0 × 2.69 λ0), which is ideally suited for the 5G mmWave communication system. The designed BM measured results show return losses, Sii and Sjj, of less than −10 dB, transmission amplitude of −8 ± 2 dB, and an acceptable range of output phase at 28 GHz.

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“…According to Mohd Shukor et al, 19 a lower loss tangent is required in the substrate to ensure low dielectric loss and low dielectric absorption. Q-factor due to the dielectric, Q D , is expressed in H. B. Jeon et al (1) with a value of 302.56, where ε eff , λ 0 and α d are the effective dielectric constant, the wavelength in the air and the dielectric loss, respectively.…”

Section: Substrate Integrated Waveguide (Siw)mentioning

confidence: 99%

5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide

et al. 2021

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Beamforming is a key element of 5G that uses advanced antenna technologies to focus a wireless signal to a defined direction. Butler Matrix (BM) as a beamforming network is used to control the beam direction by utilizing the amplitude and the output phase. A particular technique for designing BM is through substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), which is used to realize the bilateral edge wall vias where the waveguide mode propagates through to support the current flow and reduce the loss of surface wave. Unlike conventional BM, the proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters of -90°, and one phase shifter of -180° to control the amplitude and phase shifting. This results in an optimized transmission amplitude and output phase difference. The BM also circumvents any crossover, to provide minimal losses. The hybrid coupler exhibits Sii and Sij characteristics at 28 GHz, with values of -27.35 dB for return loss, -3.9 dB for insertion loss, -3.2 dB for coupling, and -26.54 dB for the isolation. In the BM design, high transmission efficiency is observed where the return loss is less than -10 dB, while minimal transmission amplitudes are obtained within the values of ‒6 ± 3 dB. The three-port BM is designed using SIW with minimal loss and the phase difference at each respective output port of the BM shows values of 0°, -120°, and 120°. The three consecutive beams with the gains of 11.1 dBi for port 1 excitation, 9.06 dBi for port 2 excitation and 10.4 dBi for port 3 excitation is achieved when the antenna array is fed to the BM, and each of the radiated beams has beam angles of 0, -27 and 27 degrees.

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5G planar branch line coupler design based on the analysis of dielectric constant, loss tangent and quality factor at high frequency

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

A Comprehensive Review on Microstrip Couplers

A Comprehensive Review on Microstrip Couplers

Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz

5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide

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