5G Deployment: Standalone vs. Non-Standalone from the Operator Perspective

Liu, Guangyi; Huang, Yühong; Chen, Zhuo; Liu, Liang; Wang, Xinbo; Li, Na

doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2000230

Cited by 100 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…However, SA NR is expected to operate at mmWaves frequencies that are much higher than current LTE frequencies. With higher path loss and spotty coverage it would be challenging for the operators to maintain the required quality (least equal to that of LTE) if the operation is restricted to the same site [67]. Moreover, NSA is not expected to have SA capabilities of finer QoS treatment and network slicing [68].…”

Section: Migration To 5g and Beyondmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While NSA focus on NR, the SA would be focusing on 5GC which is expected to provide the end to end network slicing using SDN and NFV. Network slicing would enable timely service and deployment for the diverse vertical industry [67]. According to authors in [72], the ongoing virtualization has potential to deliver cost ownership gains and energy savings.…”

Section: A Transition To Sa 5gmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey on 4G-5G Dual Connectivity: Road to 5G Implementation

et al. 2021

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Rising popularity of 5G communications is making tremendous demands on the cellular network operators for providing true 5G services to the users. With limited numbers of 5G users initially, the investments for 5G services can be very high. In the early stage of 5G deployments, the 5G cells would not be lavishly spread and there would be 5G coverage holes. The operators can provide seamless services to the 5G users by inter working with the existing 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network. The 5G inter working with fully deployed LTE would not only provide fast and seamless coverage but would also provide economic viability to the network operators. In this paper we survey and consolidate the 4G-5G inter working solutions that can assist in attaining the insight about various inter working possibilities and their challenges. It is important that a network operator is able to optimize its deployed infrastructure while being able to guarantee fast and seamless transition to 5G for its subscribers. To this regard, we evaluate the performance and radio resource management challenges for different 4G-5G dual connectivity options proposed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization. We also discuss spectrum sharing possibilities between 4G and 5G wireless networks. Finally, various research challenges and discussions on path for migration to 5G standalone networks are also presented.INDEX TERMS 4G, 5G, new radio (NR), dual connectivity, spectrum sharing, deployment options.

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Section: Migration To 5g and Beyondmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Transition To Sa 5gmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on 4G-5G Dual Connectivity: Road to 5G Implementation

et al. 2021

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“…The co-existence of 4G and 5G networks introduces two stages of deployment in the current 5G wireless communication i.e., non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA) modes [85]. The SA mode is considered for the future release of 3GPP and it is solely based on new packet core architecture instead of relying on 4G Evolved Packet Core (EPC).…”

Section: A Heterogeneous Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference Management in 5G and Beyond Network: Requirements, Challenges and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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In the modern technological world, wireless communication has taken a massive leap from the conventional communication system to a new radio communication network. The novel concept of Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks brings a combination of a diversified set of devices and machines with great improvement in a unique way compared to previous technologies. To broaden the user's experience, 5G technology provides the opportunity to meet the people's potential necessities for efficient communication. Specifically, researchers have designed a network of small cells with unfamiliar technologies that have never been introduced before. The new network design is an amalgamation of various schemes such as Heterogeneous Network (HetNet), Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, Internet of Things (IoT), Relay Node (RN), Beamforming, Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M-MIMO), millimeter-wave (mm-wave), and so on. Also, enhancement in predecessor's techniques is required so that new radio is compatible with a traditional network. However, the disparate technological models' design and concurrent practice have created an unacceptable intervention in each other's signals. These vulnerable interferences have significantly degraded the overall network performance. This review article scrutinizes the issues of interferences observed and studied in different structures and techniques of the 5G and beyond network. The study focuses on the various interference effect in HetNet, RN, D2D, and IoT. Furthermore, as an in-depth literature review, we discuss various types of interferences related to each method by studying the state-of-the-art relevant research in the literature. To provide new insight into interference issue management for the next-generation network, we address and explore various relevant topics in each section that help make the system more robust. Overall, this review article's goal is to guide all the stakeholders, including students, operators, engineers, and researchers, aiming to explore this promising research theme, comprehend interferences and their types, and related techniques to mitigate them. We also state methodologies proposed by the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and present the promising and feasible research directions toward this challenging topic for the realization of 5G and beyond network.

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“…The Master eNB is part of the control plane toward the LTE Core, and coordinates with the Secondary eNB to provide additional radio resources to UEs. For 5G, initial proposals in Rel- 15 (2018) have led to extending DC to support a parallel use of LTE and 5G New Radio (NR) access nodes, via several options of so-called 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) deployments [65]. All of the above cases represent centralized RAT interoperability schemes.…”

Section: A Key Concepts and Examples Of Rat Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

User-Centric Radio Access Technology Selection: A Survey of Game Theory Models and Multi-Agent Learning Algorithms

et al. 2021

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User-centric radio access technology (RAT) selection is a key communication paradigm, given the increased number of available RATs and increased cognitive capabilities at the user end. When considered against traditional network-centric approaches, user-centric RAT selection results in reduced network-side management load, and leads to lower operational costs for RATs, as well as improved quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) for users. The complex between-users interactions involved in RAT selection require, however, specific analyses, toward developing reliable and efficient schemes. Two theoretical frameworks are most often applied to user-centric RAT selection analysis, i.e., game theory (GT) and multi-agent learning (MAL). As a consequence, several GT models and MAL algorithms have been recently proposed to solve the problem at hand. A comprehensive discussion of such models and algorithms is, however, currently missing. Moreover, novel issues introduced by next-generation communication systems also need to be addressed. This paper proposes to fill the above gaps by providing a unified reference for both ongoing research and future research directions in the field. In particular, the review addresses the most common GT and MAL models and algorithms, and scenario settings adopted in user-centric RAT selection in terms of utility function and network topology. Regarding GT, the review focuses on non-cooperative models, because of their widespread use in RAT selection; as for MAL, a large number of algorithms are described, ranging from game-theoretic to reinforcement learning (RL) schemes, and also including most recent approaches, such as deep RL (DRL) and multi-armed bandit (MAB). Models and algorithms are analyzed by comparatively reviewing relevant literature. Finally, open challenges are discussed, in light of ongoing research and standardization activities.

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5G Deployment: Standalone vs. Non-Standalone from the Operator Perspective

Cited by 100 publications

References 3 publications

A Survey on 4G-5G Dual Connectivity: Road to 5G Implementation

A Survey on 4G-5G Dual Connectivity: Road to 5G Implementation

Interference Management in 5G and Beyond Network: Requirements, Challenges and Future Directions

User-Centric Radio Access Technology Selection: A Survey of Game Theory Models and Multi-Agent Learning Algorithms

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