“…In the late 1970s, variationist sociolinguistic studies started to explore language variation and change in Arab urban centres. Massive urbanization and intra-national migration occurring in the twentieth century had turned those centres into clusters of regional and ethnic/communal dialects (Miller 2004, Miller 2007). 9 From this perspective, most contemporary Arabic urban vernaculars can be considered New Urban Vernaculars, as they emerged due to dialect contact, convergence, variation and change.…”