5 The Archaeometallurgy of Period IVB Bronzes at Hasanlu

Fleming, S. J.; Nash, Samuel K.; Swann, C.P.

doi:10.9783/9781934536384.103

Cited by 4 publications

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“…A. Pike [ 77 ] advocated for the deliberate use of antimony in Koban and Transcaucasian metalwork from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Small personal ornaments of 96–99% antimony and antimony rich alloys were also reported at Hasanlu in Iran [ 78 ; 79 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Why did the use of antimony-bearing alloys in Bronze Age Anatolia fall dormant after the Early Bronze Age?: A Case from Resuloğlu (Çorum, Turkey)

Dardeniz

2020

PLoS ONE

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The archaeometallurgical and archaeological research carried out in Anatolia has provided numerous examples of diverse alloying practices representing different levels of societal interaction, from the extraction of ores to the trade of finished goods and high level gift exchange among elites. While discussions abound about the exploitation of mines, mining settlements, possible origins of artifacts, resources of copper, arsenic, and especially tin to improve our knowledge about Anatolian Bronze Age mining and metallurgy, uncommon alloying practices including the use of antimony, nickel, or lead have long remained in the shadows of scholarly research. With the aim of bringing attention to the diversity in alloying practices in Anatolian metallurgy, this article focuses on the use of antimony through an appraisal of archaeological and textual evidence from Bronze Age Anatolia. Archaeometric data from several Early Bronze Age sites are re-examined alongside new data emerging from Resuloğlu (Çorum, Turkey) to explain the reduction of the variety of alloy types used. Portable-XRF analysis of artifacts from Resuloğlu and mineralogical analysis of an antimony-bearing ore fragment present evidence of use of antimony at the region during the Early Bronze Age. This period is followed by disappearance of antimony in material record until the Iron Age, while textual records weakly refer to its circulation within the region. This paper considers geological, technological, and socio-economic factors to explain why the use of antimony alloys falls dormant after the Early Bronze Age. The political and economic change towards centralization over geological and technological factors is proposed as an explanation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Why did the use of antimony-bearing alloys in Bronze Age Anatolia fall dormant after the Early Bronze Age?: A Case from Resuloğlu (Çorum, Turkey)

Dardeniz

2020

PLoS ONE

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“…New complex alloys such as Cu-Sb-Pb and Pb-Sb are also found (Meliksetian and Pernicka 2003). At Hasanlu, Iran, Sb-rich alloys have been discovered, securely dated to Iron II or Hasanlu IVB (around 800 BCE) (Fleming, Nash, and Swann 2011).…”

Section: Sb In the Archaeometallurgical Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Mesopotamia, Sb objects are reported from the 3rd millennium BCE (e.g. at Tello, Tell Leilan, Jerablus Tahtani) (Shortland 2002;Moorey 1999), and later from the 1st millennium BCE in Egypt at Lahun (Petrie 1891), in Anatolia at Yoncatepe (Belli and Konyar 2001), and in Iran at Hasanlu (Fleming, Nash, and Swann 2011). In the Caucasus, metallic Sb objects are abundant.…”

Section: Sb In the Archaeometallurgical Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimony as a raw material in ancient metal and glass making: provenancing Georgian LBA metallic Sb by isotope analysis

Dillis

Ham-Meert

Leeming

et al. 2019

STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research

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Sb was frequently used as a raw material, both in ancient glass-making (as an opacifier and decolouriser) and metallurgy (either as an alloying element or as a pure metal). Despite this ubiquity, antimony production has only occasionally been studied and questions concerning its provenance are still not satisfactorily answered. This study evaluates the suitability of Sb isotope analysis for provenance determination purposes, as experiments under lab conditions have revealed fractionation occurring during redox processes in oxidising stibnites and in making opacified glasses. The results of this paper help to evaluate the possible influence of the pyrotechnological processes on the antimony isotope composition of glass artefacts. This paper focuses on the Caucasus as case study by applying mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic analysis to Georgian ores (mainly from the Racha-Lechkumi district) and Late Bronze Age (LBA; 15th-10th century BCE) metallic Sb objects found at the sites of Brili and Chalpiragorebi.

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“…9.The copper and bronze objects found at Hasanlu are varied in their composition and only a small percentage have been subjected to metallurgical analysis: see Fleming et al (2011). We therefore use the more general term ‘copper-alloy’, rather than the more specific ‘bronze’.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper-alloy Belts at Hasanlu, Iran: A Case Study in Hybridization and Heteroglossia in Material Culture

Castelluccia

Dan²

2018

CAJ

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The pitfalls of studying material outcomes of cultural contact as ‘hybrids’ have been well mapped, from essentialism to the echoes of eugenics. In archaeological research, attention to ‘hybrid’ products of cultural contact through assiduous tracing of ‘foreign’ elements to their points of origin has often yielded dubious claims regarding the nature of the interaction. For objects excavated in the Period IVb (1050–800 bc) level at Hasanlu, this approach has led to assertions of ‘Assyrianization’, proclaiming the site the example par excellence of the response to Assyrian cultural hegemony in the periphery. Through exploration of armoured sheet-metal belts found at Hasanlu, an artefact type introduced from the South Caucasus region and then produced locally, this paper considers the interpretive utility of the concept of ‘hybridization’—the transformative processes by which disparate visual elements, materials and ideas about the world react to and perturb each in a particular environment. We argue that through these processes, relocated exogenous objects and their endogenous counterparts communicate using multiple, even divergent, voices. This very multivocality, or heteroglossia, is instrumental in forging new social relationships and meanings.

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5 The Archaeometallurgy of Period IVB Bronzes at Hasanlu

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Why did the use of antimony-bearing alloys in Bronze Age Anatolia fall dormant after the Early Bronze Age?: A Case from Resuloğlu (Çorum, Turkey)

Why did the use of antimony-bearing alloys in Bronze Age Anatolia fall dormant after the Early Bronze Age?: A Case from Resuloğlu (Çorum, Turkey)

Antimony as a raw material in ancient metal and glass making: provenancing Georgian LBA metallic Sb by isotope analysis

Copper-alloy Belts at Hasanlu, Iran: A Case Study in Hybridization and Heteroglossia in Material Culture

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