5. Acanthocephala: functional morphology

Taraschewski, Horst

doi:10.1515/9783110274271.301

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As for now, the genetic and cellular nature of these new morphological feature is not clear and more detailed analyses in the other groups might reveal novel features in them, too Nevertheless, present evidence corroborates that parasite evolution is more than just simplification but also includes the differentiation of novel characters. In acanthocephalan evolution, a prominent example for simplification is the loss of the digestive tract while the eponymous hooked attachment organ (proboscis) at the anterior body pole exemplifies a morphological gain (Meyer 1933;Taraschewski 2014;Herlyn and Taraschewski 2017). With these and other evolutionary changes, acanthocephalans have very successfully mastered the challenges of a parasitic lifestyle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial hierarchical reductions of genetic and morphological traits in the evolution of rotiferan parasites

Herlyn,

Hembrom,

Tosar

et al. 2024

Preprint

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FigureGraphical abstractDuring the last 800 million years of evolution animals radiated into a vast range of diversity of species and disparity of forms and lifestyles. The process involved a near hierarchical increase in complexity from life forms with few cell types to organisms with many hundreds of cell-types. However, neither genome size nor number of protein-coding genes can explain these differences and their biological basis remains elusive. Yet, recent studies have suggested that the evolution of complexity is closely linked to the acquisition of a class of protein coding gene-regulators called microRNAs.In a regressive approach, to investigate the association between loss of organismal complexity and microRNAs, we here studied Syndermata, an invertebrate group including free-living rotifers (Monogononta, Bdelloidea), the epibiotic Seisonidea and the endoparasitic Acanthocephala. Genomic, transcriptomic and morphological characterization and comparisons across 25 syndermatan species revealed a strong correlation between loss of microRNAs, loss of protein-coding genes and decreasing morphological complexity. The near hierarchical loss extends to ∼85% loss of microRNAs and a ∼50% loss of BUSCO genes in the endoparasitic Acanthocephala, the most reduced group we studied.Together, the loss of ∼400 protein-coding genes and ∼10 metazoan core gene losses went along with one microRNA family loss. Furthermore, the loss of ∼4 microRNA families or ∼34 metazoan core genes associated with one lost morphological feature. These are the first quantitative insights into the regulatory impact of microRNAs on organismic complexity as a predictable consequence in regressive evolution of parasites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial hierarchical reductions of genetic and morphological traits in the evolution of rotiferan parasites

Herlyn,

Hembrom,

Tosar

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…As explained above, organo-metallic complexes are taken up by acanthocephalans together with essential compounds like lipids. The absorption of lipids in acanthocephalans occurs at the presoma surface . Lipids are largely absorbed from the intestinal wall via the anterior tunnel formed by their proboscis while, probably, carbohydrates and amino acids are mainly absorbed along the surface of the metasoma .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absorption of lipids in acanthocephalans occurs at the presoma surface. 79 Lipids are largely absorbed from the intestinal wall via the anterior tunnel formed by their proboscis while, probably, carbohydrates and amino acids are mainly absorbed along the surface of the metasoma. 79 However, mechanisms of these processes are poorly studied for the Acanthocephala.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…79 Lipids are largely absorbed from the intestinal wall via the anterior tunnel formed by their proboscis while, probably, carbohydrates and amino acids are mainly absorbed along the surface of the metasoma. 79 However, mechanisms of these processes are poorly studied for the Acanthocephala. Previous studies have verified that amino acids and lipids are absorbed by cestodes across the tegument through active transport, mediated diffusion, and simple diffusion (as reviewed by Pappas and Read; 80 Smyth and McManus 81 ).…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a PBPK Model for Silver Accumulation in Chub Infected with Acanthocephalan Parasites

García²,

Nachev

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Simultaneous presence of metals and parasites in fish might lead to potential risks to human health. Parasites might influence metal accumulation and disturb detoxification in fish, thereby affecting biomarkers of fish responses as well as metal biomagnification in humans. It is, therefore, of importance to take into account parasite infection when investigating metal accumulation in fish. However, mechanisms of metal accumulation and distribution in fish-parasite systems are not integrated into current approaches. The present study proposes a new physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for mechanistic simulation of metal partitioning between intestinal parasites and their hosts. As a particular case, Ag accumulation in the system of chub Squalius cephalus and the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus tereticollis was investigated. As a novelty, fish cardiac output and organ-specific blood flow distribution were incorporated in our model. This approach distinguishes the current model from the ones developed previously. It also facilitates model extrapolation and application to varying conditions. In general, the model explained Ag accumulation in the system well, especially in chub gill, storage (including skin, muscle, and carcass), and liver. The highest concentration of Ag was found in the liver. The accumulation of Ag in the storage, liver, and gill compartments followed a similar pattern, i.e., increasing during the exposure and decreasing during the depuration. The model also generated this observed trend. However, the model had a weaker performance for simulating Ag accumulation in the intestine and the kidney. Silver accumulation in these organs was less evident with considerable variations.

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5. Acanthocephala: functional morphology

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Substantial hierarchical reductions of genetic and morphological traits in the evolution of rotiferan parasites

Substantial hierarchical reductions of genetic and morphological traits in the evolution of rotiferan parasites

Development of a PBPK Model for Silver Accumulation in Chub Infected with Acanthocephalan Parasites

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