5 ‘A Third-World City in the First World’: Social Exclusion, Racial Inequality, and Sustainable Development in Baltimore

Levine, Marc V.; Polèse, Mario; Stren, Richard

doi:10.3138/9781442682399-008

Cited by 33 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Located on the U.S. north east coast, its port played an active role in its economic activities for many decades. In those years, its population reached the peak of 950 000 becoming one of the six largest U.S. cities and over 34% of its inhabitants were employed in manufacturing (Levine, 2000).…”

Section: The City Context and The Main Socio-economic Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban regeneration and democratization of information access: CitiStat experience in Baltimore

Gullino

2009

Journal of Environmental Management

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Section: The City Context and The Main Socio-economic Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban regeneration and democratization of information access: CitiStat experience in Baltimore

Gullino

2009

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…A significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates how attempts by city governments to live by their growth agendas (in other words status quo approaches to urban regeneration) have almost universally failed to deliver widespread and sustained social and environmental benefits (Smith, 1987 andMoulaert et al, 2003;Levine, 2000;Dieleman and Robert, 2000;Lees, 2003). Indeed, urban regeneration itself, as a policy agenda to address inner-city failure, is coming under increased criticism in the UK and elsewhere (see Atkinson, 2004;Atkinson and Helms, 2007;and Porter and Shaw, 2009).…”

Section: Sustainability and Urban Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualising Sustainability in UK Urban Regeneration: a Discursive Formation

et al. 2010

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Despite the wide usage and popular appeal of the concept of sustainability in UK policy, it does not appear to have challenged the status quo in urban regeneration because policy is not leading in its conceptualisation and therefore implementation. This paper investigates how sustainability has been conceptualised in a case-based research study of the regeneration of Eastside in Birmingham, UK, through policy and other documents, and finds that conceptualisations of sustainability are fundamentally limited. The conceptualisation of sustainability operating within urban regeneration schemes should powerfully shape how they make manifest (or do not) the principles of sustainable development. Documents guide, but people implement regenerationand the disparate conceptualisations of stakeholders demonstrate even less coherence than policy. The actions towards achieving sustainability have become a policy 'fix' in Eastside: a necessary feature of urban policy discourse that is limited to solutions within market-based constraints. IntroductionUrban regeneration has a substantial impact on all three dimensions, sometimes known as pillars, of sustainability: society, economics and environment; it is therefore an activity of considerable importance to achieving a more sustainable society. The UK government has integrated the goal of sustainability into urban regeneration policies, yet the proliferation of definitions and conceptualisations of sustainability render the term so poorly understood and slippery that it can be easily pressed into the service of almost any ends. It can, as a result, rather neatly service the 'growth-first' and 'develop-at-almost-any-cost' philosophies that remain dominant in the UK. We contend that despite a raft of government policies, practice-based studies, models and demonstrators of best practice, checklists and indicators, sustainability has yet to make a serious influence on the approach to the redevelopment of land. More importantly, as we investigate closely in this paper, the conceptualisation or 'rationality' of sustainability operating within specific urban regeneration schemes powerfully shapes how those schemes make manifest (or do not make manifest) the principles of sustainable development. To move towards more sustainable developments, one must overcome the challenge of developing an integrated and nuanced understanding of sustainability to translate the concept into implementation.

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“…On the other hand, this focus on downtown development occurred simultaneously with the retrenchment of social services and decline in population and housing for many of the city's neighborhoods. By the late 1990s, these processes had constituted the formation of what Levine (2000) recognized as the 'three Baltimores' of 1) the suburbs, 2) downtown and the Inner Harbor, and 3) the multitude of underserved neighborhoods, as the city and region were increasingly characterized by both racial and class inequalities and different realities in regards to economic and social opportunity (p. 140).…”

Section: Recreation Social Inclusion and The 'Social Problems Industry'mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In part, this was due to the severe changes in demographics for many deindustrializing cities like Baltimore, as urban populations were increasingly characterized by economic and social disparities. The impacts of suburbanization, especially in regard to social stratification along racial and classed lines, reshaped Baltimore as a post-industrial city that was losing both economic opportunities and parts of its population at the same time that federal and state governments disassembled social service policies and programs (Durr, 2003;Levine, 2000). This meant that as many American urban centers were increasingly characterized by "a deteriorated economy, an inability to provide needed services, political indifference from state and federal authorities, and a forecast of increasing concentration of local poverty," recreation programs and funding were increasingly less a priority, and more a persistent thorn in the side of municipal governments faced by other seemingly more pressing issues (Shivers, 1981, p. 44).…”

Section: Recreation Social Inclusion and The 'Social Problems Industry'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Policing the Void: Recreation, Social Inclusion and the Baltimore Police Athletic League

Bustad

Andrews

2017

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In this article, we explore the relationship between public recreation policy and planning and the transformation of urban governance in the context of the Police Athletic League centers in Baltimore, Maryland. In light of contemporary discussions of the role of youth programs for sport and physical activity within post-industrial cities, the origination, development, and eventual demise of Baltimore's network of Police Activity League centers is an instructive, if disheartening, saga. It illustrates the social and political rationales mobilized in justifying recreation policy and programming, the framing of sport and physical activity as preventative measures towards crime and juvenile delinquency, and the precarity of such initiatives given the efficiency-driven orthodoxies of neoliberal urban entrepreneurialism (Harvey, 1989). This analysis emphasizes how the PAL centers were designed to 'fill the void' left by a declining system of public recreation, thereby providing an example of a recreation program as part of the "social problems industry" (Pitter & Andrews 1997).

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5 ‘A Third-World City in the First World’: Social Exclusion, Racial Inequality, and Sustainable Development in Baltimore

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Urban regeneration and democratization of information access: CitiStat experience in Baltimore

Urban regeneration and democratization of information access: CitiStat experience in Baltimore

Conceptualising Sustainability in UK Urban Regeneration: a Discursive Formation

Policing the Void: Recreation, Social Inclusion and the Baltimore Police Athletic League

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